{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:48:10Z","timestamp":1791287290035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007108","name":"George Washington University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006491","name":"District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005612","name":"Water Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This research examined the feasibility of raw fermentate for mainstream partial denitrification\u2013anammox (PdNA) in a pre\u2010anoxic integrated fixed\u2010film activated sludge (IFAS) process. Fermentate quality sampled from a full\u2010scale facility was highly dynamic, with 360\u2013940\u2009mg VFA\u2010COD\/L and VFA\/soluble COD ratios ranging from 24% to 48%. This study showed that PdNA selection could be achieved even when using low quality fermentate. Nitrate residual was identified as the main factor driving the PdN efficiency, while management of nitrate conversion rates was required to maximize overall PdNA rates. AnAOB limitation was never observed in the IFAS system. Overall, this study showed PdN efficiencies up to 38% and PdNA rates up to 1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u00a0g TIN\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/d with further potential for improvements. As a result of both PdNA and full denitrification, this concept showed the potential to save 48\u201389% methanol and decrease the carbon footprint of water resource recovery facilities (WRRF) by 9\u201315%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Application of PdNA with variable quality fermentate is feasible when the nitrate residual concentration is increased to enhance PdN selection.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>To maximize nitrogen removed through PdNA, nitrate conversion rates need enhancement through optimization of upstream aeration and PdN control setpoints.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The IFAS PdNA process was never anammox limited; success depended on the degree of PdN achieved to make nitrite available.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Application of PdNA with fermentate can yield 48\u201389% savings in methanol or other carbon compared with conventional nitrification and denitrification.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Integrating PdNA upstream from polishing aeration and anoxic zones guarantees that stringent limits can be met (&lt;5\u00a0mg N\/L).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T06:46:16Z","timestamp":1647931576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Partial denitrification\u2013anammox (PdNA) application in mainstream IFAS configuration using raw fermentate as carbon source"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6335-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojolaoluwa","family":"Ladipo\u2010Obasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DC Water and Sewer Authority  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Forney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DC Water and Sewer Authority  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumana","family":"Riffat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District  Virginia Beach Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"deBarbadillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DC Water and Sewer Authority  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Black and Veatch  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0541-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haydee","family":"De Clippeleir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DC Water and Sewer Authority  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Ali P. Le T. Riffat R. Wett B. Murthy S. Bott C. Tesfaye A. Kharkar S. M. Passarelli N. Suzuki R. Debarbadillo C. Al\u2010Omari A. &De Clippeleir H.(2018 November). Recycling carbon to achieve short\u2010cut N removal at blue plains advanced wastewater treatment plant [Conference presentation]. IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery Conference Brisbane Australia."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1492"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260460512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/193864717822153869"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Optimisation of primary sludge acidogenic fermentation for biological nutrient removal","volume":"24","author":"Banister S. S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water S. A."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.42.6.1074-1084.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Campolong C. Klaus S. Rosenthal A. Sabba F. Baidme M. Wells G. Wett B. De Clippeleir H. Chandran K. &Bott C.(2019).Comparison of external carbon sources for a polishing partial denitrification\/anammox MbbR[Conference paper]. 92nd Annual Water Environment Federation's Technical Exhibition and Conference WEFTEC 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.09.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"De Clippeleir H.(2018).On the road towards mainstream short\u2010cut nitrogen removal implementation: The story of potholes and detours [Conference paper]. IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery Brisbane Australia."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Eggleston H. S. Buendia L. Miwa K. Ngara T. &Tanabe K.(2006).2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2004.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"Fofana R. Bachmann M. Jones K. Delago\u2010Vela J. Akyon B. Liu W. Parsons M. Klaus S. Bott C. deBarbadillo C. &De Clippeleir H.(2021). Carbon source selection for deep\u2010bed partial denitrification\u2010anammox polishing filters [Conference paper]. 2021 Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Fofana R. Chen H. Bachmann M. Jones K. Delgado\u2010Vela J. Akyon B. Liu W. Parsons M. Klaus S. Bott C. deBarbadillo C. &De Clippeleir H.(2021). Optimizing and validating mainstream partial denitrification\u2010anammox (PdNA) in deep\u2010bed polishing filters: Assessment of media type and carbon source [Conference paper]. Innovations in Process Engineering: A Virtual Event."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137277"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w3030843"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1996.0399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2019.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/193317707X256937"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"Klaus S.(2020).Successful startup of mainstream partial denitrification\/anammox in pilot MBBRs and a full\u2010scale deep bed filter without anammox seed[Conference paper]. IWA Biofilm."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1345"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","unstructured":"Ladipo\u2010Obasa M. Forney N. Riffat R. Wett B. deBarbadillo C. &De Clippeleir H.(2021).Addressing aeration control needs for PdNA integration[Conference paper]. Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition Conference Chicago IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/193864718825139528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01866"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Anaerobic waste treatment fundamentals","volume":"95","author":"McCarty P. L.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Public Works"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2009.623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.07.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107570"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25611"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2495\/SDP-V12-N1-11-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/106143095X131402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.10.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.52.2.190-232.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.7.2615-2620.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ew00384c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","unstructured":"Water Environment Federation & Water Environment Research Foundation. (2015).Shortcut nitrogen removal\u2014Nitrite shunt and deammonification."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","unstructured":"Young A. T. Aziz T. de losReyes F.III &Call D.(2021).Tertiary partial denitrification\u2010anammox (PdNA) filters for sustainable nitrogen removal: Pilot scale filter result (master's thesis)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/193864715819540027"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.10711","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wer.10711","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.10711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T19:53:35Z","timestamp":1692734015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.10711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.10711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.10711","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e10711"}}