{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T23:22:03Z","timestamp":1767136923232,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006491","name":"District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Retrofitting conventional denitrification filters into partial denitrification\u2010anammox (PdNA)\u2010 or anammox (AnAOB)\u2010based filters will reduce the needs for external carbon addition. The success of AnAOB\u2010based filters depends on anammox growth and retention within such filters. Studies have overlooked the importance of media selection and its impact on AnAOB capacity, head loss progression dynamics, and shear conditions applied onto the AnAOB biofilm. The objective of this study was to evaluate viable media types (10 types) that can enhance AnAOB rates for efficient nitrogen removal in filters. Given the higher backwash requirement and lower AnAOB capacity of the conventionally used sand, expanded clay (3\u20135\u00a0mm) was recommended for AnAOB\u2010based filters in this study. Owing to its surface characteristics, expanded clay had higher AnAOB activity (304\u2010 vs. 104\u2010g NH\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010N\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/day) and higher AnAOB retention (43% more) than sand. Increasing the iron content of expanded clay to 37% resulted in an increase in zeta potential, which led to 56% more anammox capacity compared to expanded clay with 7% iron content. This work provides insight into the importance of media types in the growth and retention of AnAOB in filters, and this knowledge could be used as basis in the development of PdNA filters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Expanded clay showed the lowest head loss buildup and most likely will result in longer runtime for full\u2010scale PdNA applications<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The highest AnAOB rates were achieved in expanded clay types and sand compared with smaller media typically used in biofiltration<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Expanded clay resulted in better AnAOB retention under shear, whereas sand could not withstand shear and required more frequent backwashing<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Expanded clay iron coating enhanced AnAOB enrichment and retention, most likely due to increased surface roughness and\/or positive charge<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T09:02:10Z","timestamp":1651741330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Media selection for anammox\u2010based polishing filters: Balancing anammox enrichment and retention with filtration function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7810-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahil","family":"Fofana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DC Water &amp; 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