{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:39:50Z","timestamp":1790462390408,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ozone\u2013biological activated carbon (ozone\u2010BAC)\u2010based technologies are emerging as an appealing option for potable reuse systems; however, uncertainty remains regarding the reduction of waterborne pathogens. Common log reduction requirements have been modeled after California Department of Drinking Water's 12\u201310\u201310 log reduction value (LRV) for enteric virus,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. The objective of this research was to investigate appropriate LRVs of pathogens that can be achieved in ozone\u2010BAC\u2010based treatment systems and to assess the applicability of employing drinking water pathogen guidelines for potable reuse applications. A pilot scale ozone\u2010BAC\u2010based treatment train was operated at two water reclamation facilities in Reno, Nevada, USA. Virus,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and bacterial indicators were monitored across individual and combined treatment processes. Pathogen barriers investigated include conventional filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet disinfection. Based on sampling and treatment validation strategies, the three pathogen barriers can provide minimum LRVs of 13\u20139\u20139.5 for virus,\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Secondary biological treatment can provide additional pathogen LRVs with site\u2010specific sampling. The present study addresses regulatory uncertainties associated with ozone\u2010BAC pathogen reduction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Ozone\u2013biological activated carbon\u2010based advanced treatment can meet pathogen LRV requirements with a minimum of three pathogen barriers.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Successfully applied drinking water pathogen reduction guidelines for potable reuse applications verified by operational criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Low presence of pathogens requires surrogates and indicator analyses and variety of monitoring techniques to verify pathogen log reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T01:10:51Z","timestamp":1652317851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pathogen reduction by ozone\u2013biological activated carbon\u2010based advanced water reclamation for reuse"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8625-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Teel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Engineering University of Nevada, Reno  Reno Nevada USA"},{"name":"Truckee Meadows Water Authority  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-2431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna","family":"Pagilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Engineering University of Nevada, Reno  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AECOM  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3880-4579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Engineering University of Nevada, Reno  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Guarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Engineering University of Nevada, Reno  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Haak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Engineering University of Nevada, Reno  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/11.1.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02773-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.12.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-5-199603010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Quantative microbial risk assessment","author":"Haas C. 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