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The system consisted, initially, of a two\u2010stage anaerobic system followed by a continuously fed activated sludge, all in bench scale. After adaptation of aerobic microorganisms to effluent conditions, the anaerobic digestion was conducted in a single\u2010stage anaerobic reactor, increasing the influent organic loading rate (OLR) of activated sludge from 0.73 to an average of 2.36\u2009gCOD\/L\u00b7day. Under optimal conditions (12\u2010h hydraulic retention time [HRT]), a 62\u2009\u00b1\u20099% efficiency was observed on the aerobic post\u2010treatment, resulting in effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 414.3\u2009\u00b1\u200995\u2009mg\/L. Overall efficiency of the combined system (anaerobic\u2009+\u2009aerobic) averaged 88\u2009\u00b1\u20093%. Influent and effluent characteristics were then analyzed by <jats:italic>Folin\u2010Ciocalteau<\/jats:italic> method, UV\u2013Vis spectrophotometry, and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) for identification of potentially toxic and recalcitrant compounds. Compounds that absorb light within the visible spectra were well removed by the combined treatment system. Most compounds identified by GC\u2013MS in the influent were completely removed by aerobic microorganisms. Saturated fatty acids such as adipic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid were observed in the final effluent, as well as other potentially toxic compounds such as stigmasterol, di\u2010isobutyl phthalate, and benzene. Activated sludge proved to be an efficient post\u2010treatment for anaerobic co\u2010digestion, able to cope with changes of anaerobic effluent quality and providing a final effluent of stable organic load. However, phenol removal was not efficient and further studies could be performed to optimize its degradation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Conventional activated sludge with a 12\u2010h HRT was capable of handling significant OLR variation, providing a final effluent with lower and stable COD concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Glucose addition for carbon supplementation was necessary during the start\u2010up of activated sludge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Compounds that absorb light within the visible spectra were mostly removed by the combined (anaerobic\u2013aerobic) treatment system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Most potentially toxic compounds were well removed in the post\u2010treatment system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Saturated fatty acids, VFA, phenols, and low molecular weight aromatic compounds remained in the final effluent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T05:09:16Z","timestamp":1657861756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aerobic post\u2010treatment of effluent from anaerobic reactors fed with residues from 1G and 2G sugarcane biorefineries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Fontoura","family":"Proc\u00f3pio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Environmental Engineering Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP)  Ouro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6058-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio Francisco","family":"de Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP)  Ouro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4203-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Fernando Herrera","family":"Adarme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Environmental Engineering Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP)  Ouro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127185"},{"volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","year":"2005","author":"Aph Association","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-41522005000200009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2002.0308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471717967"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"A database of chemical toxicity to environmental bacteria and its use in interspecies comparisons and correlations","volume":"63","author":"Blum D. 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