{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:58:52Z","timestamp":1792040332534,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Parasitic protozoa Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic> and Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> are causative agents for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. These infections are mostly associated with waterborne diseases. The discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that reach surface waters cause waterborne transmission because there are no regulations for monitoring these protozoa. This emphasizes how crucial the removal capacities of WWTPs to prevent the spread of infectious parasitic pathogens. For this reason, in this study, five different types of WWTPs including conventional activated sludge (CAS), biological nutrient removal (BNR), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), membrane bioreactor (MBR), and WWTP with coagulation\u2013flocculation and UV disinfection (CoFlUV) units were investigated over a year, seasonally in terms of their G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and C.\u2009parvum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> removal capacities. The seasonal abundances of these protozoa\u2010specific genes in both the influents and effluents of each WWTP were determined by qPCR. The reduction of protozoan rDNA copies in the effluent wastewater samples compared with the influent wastewater samples was assessed as log10<\/jats:sub> reduction values (LRVs). LRVs >3 were reachable for C.\u2009parvum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> in all types of WWTPs tested. However, only LRVs 1\u20132 were reachable for G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> in CAS, SBR, CoFlUV, and MBR. Significant seasonal variations were just observed in SBR and CAS for G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and C.\u2009parvum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05), respectively. The findings depicted that WWTPs tested disseminated more giardiasis causative agents than cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> needs to be monitored in WWTPs' discharges to reduce any potential damage of this parasite to public health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n\nRemoval of G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and C.\u2009parvum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> in WWTPs was affected by the process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nLRV 2.92 was the highest LRV achieved for G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nLRV >3 was reachable for C.\u2009parvum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nWWTPs discharges disseminated more G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> than C. parvum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nWWTPs effluents should be monitored in terms of G.\u2009intestinalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T05:30:14Z","timestamp":1674451814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wastewater treatment plants discharges disseminated more Giardia<\/i> than Cryptosporidium<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Asli","family":"Onursal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8114-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulent","family":"Icgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(97)81273-2"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"151","author":"Ben Ayed L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Water Pathogen Project"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"CDC. 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