{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T22:48:26Z","timestamp":1771973306127,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020624","name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Previous research has demonstrated that biological phosphorus removal (bio\u2010P) occurs in the Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA) water resource recovery facility (WRRF) high purity oxygen activated sludge (HPO\u2010AS) process, suggesting that sludge fermentation in the secondary clarifier sludge blanket is key to bio\u2010P occurrence. This study, combining batch reactor testing, the development of a process model for the HPO\u2010AS process using Sumo21 (Dynamita), and the analysis of eight and a half years of plant operating data, showed that bio\u2010P consistently occurs at the GLWA WRRF. This occurrence is attributed to the unique configuration of the HPO\u2010AS process, which has a relatively large secondary clarifier compared to the bioreactor, and the characteristics of the influent wastewater, primarily particulate matter with limited concentrations of dissolved biodegradable organic matter. The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) needed for polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) growth are produced in the secondary clarifier sludge blanket, which provides more than four times the anaerobic biomass inventory compared to the anaerobic zones in the bioreactor, thus facilitating bio\u2010P in the current system. Opportunities exist to further optimize the phosphorus removal performance of the HPO\u2010AS process and reduce the amount of ferric chloride used. These findings may be of interest to researchers investigating biological phosphorus removal in similar systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Fermentation in the clarifier sludge blanket an essential component of bio\u2010P process at this facility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Results suggest simple adjustments to the system could lead to further improvements in bio\u2010P.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It is possible to decrease the use of chemical phosphorus removal methods (i.e., ferric chloride) while simultaneously increasing bio\u2010P.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Determining the phosphorus mass balance from sludge streams provides insight into evaluating the effectiveness of the phosphorus recovery system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T06:15:05Z","timestamp":1686809705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnosing and characterizing the mechanisms of biological phosphorus removal at the Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA) water resource recovery facility (WRRF)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5593-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changyoon","family":"Jun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"John","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glen T.","family":"Daigger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","author":"APHA (American Water Works Association, American Public Health Association & Water Environment Federation)","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"A review of biological phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process","volume":"2","author":"Barnard J. L.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020538429009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Cao Y. &Daigger G. T.(2020 October 19).Volatile fatty acid analysis of influent wastewater and PEAS memorandum to Andrea Busch Great Lakes Water Authority."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Cheng C. Jun C. Yu T. Yang C. &Daigger G. T.(2020 July 13).Summary of winter 2020 batch experiments at the Great Lakes Water Authority water resource recovery facility: Batch test phase report prepared for the Great Lakes Water Authority."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"707","article-title":"Phosphate release and uptake in enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater","volume":"1","author":"Comeau Y.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal \u2010 Water Pollution Control Federation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02010434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Great Lakes Water Authority wastewater master plan","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.10868"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Jun C. Cao Y. &Daigger G. T.(2021 October 26).Development of updated biological process model for the Great Lakes Water Authority water resource recovery facility and interpretation of results prepared for the Great Lakes Water Authority."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Jun C. &Daigger G.(2020).Suggested revisions to operating protocols and impacts of facility modifications on GLWA WRRF phosphorus removal performance memorandum to John Norton GLWA."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Liu Y. Vander Meulen R. &Daigger G. T.(2019).Further characterization of biological phosphorus removal performance at the Great Lake Water Authority water resource recovery facility: Final report prepared for the Great Lakes Water Authority."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Methods for wastewater characterization in activated sludge modelling","author":"Melcer H.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780401164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"State of Michigan Domestic Action Plan for Lake Erie. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:5(402)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Yan J. Yang C. Tian Z. &Daigger G. T.(2018 May 23).Characterizing the performance and operational characteristics of the bioreactors at the Detroit MI water resource recovery facility: May 2017 \u2013 March 2018 results prepared for the Great Lakes Water Authority."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2019.233"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.10903","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T15:30:11Z","timestamp":1703604611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.10903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.10903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.10903","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e10903"}}