{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:55:12Z","timestamp":1780512912502,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Powdered activated carbon was immobilized by casting it in a polysulfone polymer membrane, which was then tested for disinfection byproduct (chloroform) and bacteria (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) removal. The membrane prepared using 90% T20 carbon and 10% polysulfone (M20\u201090) provided a filtration capacity of 2783\u00a0L\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, adsorption capacity of 2.85\u2009mg\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and 95% chloroform removal in a 10\u00a0s empty bed contact time. Flaws and cracks on the membrane surface caused by the carbon particles appeared to reduce chloroform and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> removal. To overcome this challenge, up to six layers of the M20\u201090 membrane were overlapped, which improved chloroform filtration capacity by 94.6%, to 5416\u00a0L\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, and increased the adsorption capacity by 93.3%, to 5.51\u2009mg\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> removal also increased from 2.5 logs reduction using a single membrane layer to 6.3 logs using six layers under 10\u00a0psi feed pressure. The filtration flux declined from 6.94\u2009m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u00a0day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0psi<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for a single layer (0.45\u2009mm thick) to 1.26\u2009m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u00a0day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0psi<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for the six\u2010layer membrane system (2.7\u00a0mm thick). This work demonstrated the feasibility of using powdered activated carbon immobilized on a membrane to improve chloroform adsorption and filtration capacity while simultaneously removing microbes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Powdered activated carbon was immobilized on a membrane to improve chloroform adsorption and filtration capacity while simultaneously removing microbes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Membranes made with the smaller carbon particles (T20) delivered better chloroform adsorption performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Use of multiple layers of the membrane further improved chloroform and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> removal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T11:25:44Z","timestamp":1688729144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improved disinfection byproduct removal using a polysulfone membrane loaded with powdered activated carbon"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Yizhi","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Marquette University  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"A.O. 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