{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:06:09Z","timestamp":1780319169517,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Malaysia encounters a consistent rise in the generation of solid waste and leachate on a daily basis. It should also be noted that leachate has a low degree of biodegradability (BOD<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\/chemical oxygen demand [COD]), as shown by its BOD<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\/COD ratio. Its high toxicity levels significantly threaten the environment, water bodies, and human well\u2010being. High concentrations of COD, color, and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010N) in leachate prevent this wastewater from being allowed to be discharged directly into the water body. Therefore, an effective process to remove the pollutant is desired. The aims of this study are to investigate the performance of ozonation with two metallic compounds, ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and SnCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, and optimize their performance using response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, the performance of ozonation with ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) recorded better pollutant removals compared with the ozonation with tin tetrachloride (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/SnCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), as seen in the removals of 99.8%, 93.5%, and 46.3% for color, COD, and NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010N, respectively. These removals were achieved by following the experimental model (optimum experiment condition) generated by RSM at O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> dosage of 31\u2009g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, COD and ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> dosage ratio (COD, mg\/L\/ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, mg\/L) of 1:1.35, with the pH solution of 8.78 and reaction time of 89\u2009min. The <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of each parameter for this model was recorded as 0.999 (COD), 0.999 (color), and 0.998 (NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010N), respectively. These data indicated that the model is well fitted as the predicted data by statistical calculation and in good agreement with the actual data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The performance of O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/SnCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> was examined for remediate stabilized landfill leachate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The performance of O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/SnCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> was optimized using RSM, and a set of experimental models was generated and tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/ZrCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> recorded the higher removal of COD, color, and NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010N compared with O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/SnCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>At best condition, both methods recorded removal as 89% to 99.8% of pollutants in leachate and product clear effluent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This finding gives a new approach to treat landfill leachate effectively and efficiently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T04:05:52Z","timestamp":1697169952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimization of stabilized anaerobic landfill leachate treatment using ozonation with metallic compound using response surface methodology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1405-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Nor Farhana","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sabah  Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6287-0560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamidi Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia  Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia"},{"name":"Solid Waste Management Cluster, Science and Technology Research Centre, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia  Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7490-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maheera","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology Management &amp; Logistics, College of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia  Sintok Kedah Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib Musa","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sabah  Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Fauzy","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sabah  Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/meceng-2016-0030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2020.0233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22492\/ijsee.2.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30955\/gnj.002462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-014-1505-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","author":"Baird R. 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