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In parallel, the understanding of how mixtures of these compounds affect non\u2010target species from tropical freshwaters is scarce. Thus, this work aimed to study the long\u2010term reproductive, recovery, and swimming effects of mixtures of 12 antibiotics from three different classes (up to 10\u00a0\u03bcg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) added to freshwater (FWM) and synthetic wastewater (SWM) matrices on freshwater worm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Allonais inaequalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. Results revealed that at the reproduction level, the exposure to antibiotics in the SWM matrix does not cause a significant toxic effect on species after 10\u00a0days. On the other hand, exposures to initial dose mixtures (10\u00a0\u03bcg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> each) in FWM caused a significant reduction of offspring by 19.2%. In addition, recovery bioassays (10\u00a0days in an antibiotic\u2010free environment) suggested that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>A. inaequalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> has reduced offspring production due to previous exposure to antibiotic mixtures in both matrices. Furthermore, despite slight variation in swimming speed over treatments, no significant differences were pointed out. Regarding antibiotics in the water matrices after 10\u2010day exposures, the highest concentrations were up to 2.7, 7.8, and 4.2\u00a0\u03bcg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for antibiotics from sulfonamide, fluoroquinolone, and diaminopyrimidine classes, respectively. These findings suggest that a species positioned between primary producers and secondary consumers may experience late reproductive damage even in an antibiotic\u2010free zone, after previous 10\u2010day exposure to antibiotic mixtures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A mixture of sulfonamide, fluoroquinolone, and diaminopyrimidine antibiotics in freshwater affects the offspring production of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>A. inaequalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> after 10\u00a0days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>After the 10\u2010day antibiotic exposure, the reproduction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>A. inaequalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> remains affected in an antibiotic\u2010free environment over the recovery period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The swimming speed of the worms does not change after 10\u00a0days of exposure to the antibiotic mixture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The concentration of dissolved solids can limit the natural degradation of sulfonamide, fluoroquinolone, and diaminopyrimidine antibiotics in the aquatic environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T04:39:42Z","timestamp":1709095182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long\u2010term exposure of <scp><i>Allonais inaequalis<\/i><\/scp> to a mixture of antibiotics in freshwater and synthetic wastewater matrices: Reproduction, recovery, and swimming responses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gleyson B.","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Carlos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Carlos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8237-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline C.","family":"Bernegossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Carlos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7152-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohanna A. 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