{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:57:11Z","timestamp":1791982631218,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["84008601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84008601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>This study explored the implementation of mainstream partial denitrification with anammox (PdNA) in the second anoxic zone of a wastewater treatment process in an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) configuration. A pilot study was conducted to compare the use of methanol and glycerol as external carbon sources for an IFAS PdNA startup, with a goal to optimize nitrogen removal while minimizing carbon usage. The study also investigated the establishment of anammox bacteria on virgin carriers in IFAS reactors without the use of seeding, and it is the first IFAS PdNA startup to use methanol as an external carbon source. The establishment of anammox bacteria was confirmed in both reactors 102\u2009days after startup. Although the glycerol\u2010fed reactor achieved a higher steady\u2010state maximum ammonia removal rate because of anammox bacteria (1.6\u2009\u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/day) in comparison with the methanol\u2010fed reactor (1.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.2\u00a0g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/day), both the glycerol\u2010 and methanol\u2010fed reactors achieved similar average in situ ammonia removal rates of 0.39\u2009\u00b1\u00a00.2\u00a0g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/day and 0.40\u2009\u00b1\u00a00.2\u00a0g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/day, respectively. Additionally, when the upstream ammonia versus NOx (AvN) control system maintained an ideal ratio of 0.40\u20130.50\u2009g\/g, the methanol\u2010fed reactor attained a lower average effluent TIN concentration (3.50\u2009\u00b1\u00a01.2\u00a0mg\/L) than the glycerol\u2010fed reactor (4.43\u2009\u00b1\u00a01.6\u00a0mg\/L), which was prone to elevated nitrite concentrations in the effluent. Overall, this research highlights the potential for PdNA in IFAS configurations as an efficient and cost\u2010saving method for wastewater treatment, with methanol as a viable carbon source for the establishment of anammox bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Methanol is an effective external carbon source for an anammox startup that avoids the need for costly alternative carbon sources.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The methanol\u2010fed reactor demonstrated higher TIN removal compared with the glycerol\u2010fed reactor because of less overproduction of nitrite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Anammox bacteria was established in an IFAS reactor without seeding and used internally stored carbon to reduce external carbon addition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Controlling the influent ammonia versus NOx (AvN) ratio between 0.40 and 0.50\u2009g\/g allowed for low and stable TIN effluent conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T01:24:35Z","timestamp":1712107475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing methanol and glycerol as carbon sources for mainstream partial denitrification\/anammox in an IFAS process"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6266-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District  Virginia Beach Virginia USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District  Virginia Beach Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4058-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Klaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District  Virginia Beach Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halil","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Hamidiye International Faculty of Medicine University of Health Sciences  \u0130stanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartik","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Stockard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0541-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haydee","family":"De Clippeleir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DC Water and Sewer Authority  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District  Virginia Beach Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Environmental health and medicine education. 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