{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:30:16Z","timestamp":1785738616352,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004692","name":"University of Science Ho Chi Minh City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2022\u201071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2022\u201071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The quantitative measurement of urinary biomarkers in wastewater has emerged as a robust tool for estimating alcohol and tobacco consumption in populations. In this study, we applied the wastewater\u2010based epidemiology (WBE) approach to compare alcohol and tobacco use between university students and urban inhabitants in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ethyl sulfate and cotinine serve as markers for alcohol and tobacco use, respectively. Our findings reveal that urban inhabitants aged 15 and above consume 1.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u2009mL of pure ethanol and 2.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.33\u2009mg of nicotine per day, while university students consume 0.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13\u2009mL of pure alcohol and 1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0mg of nicotine per day. This indicates that, on average, students consume less alcohol and tobacco compared with urban adults. A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that, on average, university students in our study smoke 1.5 cigarettes per day, while urban residents aged 15 and above smoke 4.3 cigarettes per day. Considering the smoking prevalence, a student smoker in this study consumes 6.5 cigarettes per day, a level high enough to establish addiction. On the other hand, alcohol use estimation is significantly lower than previous survey\u2010based reports, likely due to degradation within on\u2010site septic tanks. Future research should aim to extend the sampling period to capture seasonal variations and improve the understanding of tobacco and alcohol consumption patterns. The results from this study are crucial for decision\u2010makers in Ho Chi Minh City to develop effective public health strategies and interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Wastewater\u2010based approach is applicable to estimate the tobacco consumption in Ho Chi Minh City.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Each current smoker in the urban area of Ho Chi Minh City smokes nearly a package a day.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The estimated consumption for student smokers in U\u2010town is 6.5 cigarettes per day, a level high enough to establish addiction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The existence of septic tanks within Vietnam's drainage systems prevents reliable estimation of alcohol consumption for the entire population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T10:46:35Z","timestamp":1721817995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Estimating alcohol and tobacco consumption of university students and urban population in Ho Chi Minh City by wastewater analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do Thi Thuy","family":"Quyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environment University of Science  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tran Thi Yen","family":"Nhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry University of Science  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi Thanh","family":"Nhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environment University of Science  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"To Thi","family":"Hien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environment University of Science  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407143310212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051553"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.18857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2021.2006343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"LeN.(2023).Vietnam eyes cigarette tax hike to reduce smoking.VNExpress International.https:\/\/e.vnexpress.net\/news\/news\/vietnam-eyes-cigarette-tax-hike-to-reduce-smoking-4577677.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25073\/2588-1140\/vnunst.5629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Lynch B. 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