{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:18:38Z","timestamp":1753870718993,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>In the frame of bioeconomy and circular economy, wastewater sludge (WS) could be a good candidate for its use in agriculture as fertilizer, due to its high content of organic matter, N and P, but on the other hand, it is full of toxicants such as heavy metal, microplastics, detergent, antibiotics, and so on that can reach groundwater and water bodies in leachate form. In this study, we have investigated different sludge concentrations in the eluate form, combined and not with PVC on two different freshwater organisms <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Selenastrum capricornutum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Daphnia magna<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, using ecotoxicity tests. At the endpoint, we have evaluated inhibition growth rate, oxidative stress, and pigments production for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. capricornutum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, while in case of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, we have assessed organism immobilization and development. From our results, it emerged that at the higher WS concentration, there was not inhibition growth rate, while at oxidative stress, it was higher in algae treated with WS and PVC. Higher Chl\u2010a production was shown for algae treated with 0.3\u2009g\/L of sludge coupled with\u00a0PVC, where higher phaeopigments production were recorded for algae treated with 0.3\u2009g\/L of WS. <jats:italic>D.\u00a0magna<\/jats:italic> has shown an opposite trend when compared with algae, where at the highest WS concentrations supplied was corresponding to an increased mortality explaned as the highest immobility percentage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Wastewater sludge is used in agriculture as fertilizer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>PVC microplastic presence and associate ecotoxicity was tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>PVC presence increased oxidative stress in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. capricornutum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> was significantly affected by sludge concentrations supplied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T10:24:53Z","timestamp":1722853493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecotoxicological assessment, in freshwater environment, of wastewater sludge coupled and uncoupled with micro\u2010polyvinyl chloride\u00a0on algae and water fleas"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pignattelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italy CNR\u2010IBBR Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources  Sesto Fiorentino Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Provenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trieste  Trieste Italy"},{"name":"Bioscience Research Center  Orbetello Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darian","family":"Rampih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univerza v Novi Gorici  Nova Gorica Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Crisci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italy CNR\u2010IBE Institute for Bioeconomy  Sesto Fiorentino Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trieste  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144719"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15623\/IJRET.2013.0208037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.04.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.09.033"},{"issue":"0006","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","article-title":"Council directive 86\/278\/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture","volume":"181","author":"CEC (Council of the European Communities)","year":"1986","journal-title":"Official J L"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-326x(01)00302-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"DIN 38414\u2010S4 (1984)Determination of leachability by water (S4). 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