{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T19:59:41Z","timestamp":1770494381429,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Attapulgite (ATP) is a biocompatible clay mineral that efficiently absorbs water. It is widely used in water treatment due to its environmental friendliness and cost\u2010effectiveness. This study aimed to develop a volume\u2010expansion structure\u2010based attapulgite flocculant (VES\u2010ATP) using aluminum salt and attapulgite (ATP) under alkaline conditions, specifically for the treatment of water containing low levels of phosphorus. The VES\u2010ATP was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X\u2010ray diffraction, and X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The removal of phosphorus by the VES\u2010ATP was conducted by varying the mass ratio of Al to attapulgite (denoted as R<jats:sub>mAl\/mATP<\/jats:sub>), ATP dosage, and pH. The results showed that the VES\u2010ATP had a good expansion and dispersibility in the presence of alkalized aluminum species. The basicity as the molar ratio of OH to Al (0.8 or 1.6) determined the expansion feasibility, and the coverage degree of Al onto ATP, as indicated by the mass ratio of Al to attapulgite (denoted as R<jats:sub>mAl\/mATP<\/jats:sub>), determined Al flocculation efficiency. Higher values such as R<jats:sub>mAl\/mATP<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20094:1 and 2:1 may result in a better flocculation. Low phosphorus treatment was successfully achieved through Al flocculation and ATP adsorption, including complexation, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction. As expected, the VES\u2010ATP generated larger size flocs with a bigger fractal dimension than that with the sole Al flocculation. As a result, the total phosphorus could be reduced to the level below 5\u00a0\u03bcg\/L. It is more efficient in the pH range of 5\u20139. Overall, the coupling of aluminum and attapulgite has significantly enhanced both purification capabilities of phosphorus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Polymeric aluminum\u2010modified attapulgite was efficient for removal of low phosphorus concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Phosphorus concentrations can be reduced to below 5 \u03bcg\/L.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Polymeric aluminum and attapulgite are both safe, and this technology is suitable for water treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T06:36:01Z","timestamp":1725604561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Toward a better understanding of polymeric aluminum\u2010modified attapulgite for the efficient removal of low phosphorus concentration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Xiaoben","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Railways Urban Construction Group No. 1 Engineering Co., Ltd.  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