{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:59:31Z","timestamp":1791388771666,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Because of its low\u2010lying location, urbanization, and inadequate infrastructure, Jakarta (Indonesia) has experienced an increase in annual flooding events, rising from an average of five significant floods per year in the 1990s to over 20 annually (2010\u20132020). With climate change exacerbating extreme weather events, Jakarta encounters escalating risks of flooding. Although the recurrent flooding is exacerbated by non\u2010point source (NPS) of pollution such as urban runoff and agricultural discharge that contribute to 40% of total pollutants leading to flood\u2010related issues in Jakarta, none has investigated this research gap. To reflect its novelty, this work explores the implications of climate change on the annual flooding in Jakarta by focusing on NPS and analyzes their impacts from social perspectives. This work also underscores the implications of flooding on livelihoods, health, and social cohesion in Jakarta. Focus group discussion with affected residents was used to shed light on the coping strategies employed in response to recurrent floods, ranging from community\u2010based initiatives to reliance on informal networks. The empirical findings show that the implications of flooding extend beyond physical damages. Displacement of communities, loss of livelihoods, disruption of essential services, and increased health risks are among the social impacts experienced by local residents. Vulnerable populations, including low\u2010income communities residing in informal settlements, bear their consequences. Economic losses from flooding amount to USD 500 million annually, impacting over 1 million residents. However, recent interventions have led to a 15% reduction in peak flood levels and a 20% reduction in flood duration in affected areas. Community resilience has also improved, with a 25% increase in flood insurance coverage and a 20% rise in community response initiatives. Overall, this study highlights that climate change exacerbates annual flooding in Jakarta, significantly impacting vulnerable communities through NPS pollution. Addressing the challenges requires integrated approaches combining effective pollution control, resilient infrastructure, and community engagement to mitigate social and long\u2010term environmental impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Climate\u2010induced flooding disproportionately affects vulnerable communities in Jakarta.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Non\u2010point source pollution from urban runoff contributes to the severity of flooding in Jakarta.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Waterborne diseases, disruption of livelihoods, and reduced access to clean water are major concerns identified in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The study highlights the importance of community\u2010based adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of flooding and pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T21:43:04Z","timestamp":1727041384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Social dimensions of climate\u2010induced flooding in Jakarta (Indonesia): The role of non\u2010point source pollution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonni Agustiono","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of the Environment and Ecology Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christia","family":"Meidiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regional and Urban Planning Brawijaya University  Malang Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Hwang","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Guangxi University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Guangxi University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Guangxi University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia  Johor Bahru Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelkader","family":"Anouzla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology Hassan II University  Mohammedia Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faissal","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity &amp; Climate Changes, Faculty of Science Semlalia Cadi Ayyad University  Marrakech Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Pollution Research Department National Research Centre  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University  Al\u2010Khobar Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Munir Hayet","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering &amp; Quantity Surveying (FEQS) INTI International University (INTI\u2010IU)  Nilai Negeri Sembilan Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Chen","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia  Parit Raja Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19718-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f14010001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120414"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w16020294"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1084-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2018.1541171"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2021.706721"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104571"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0871-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2022.4635"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2021.100259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01170-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e12955"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2022.2070119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-757-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-021-01678-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2005.12.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab986f"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.100482"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15569"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2022.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nhres.2023.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecofro.2024.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w8120559"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115617"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01059-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su9071160"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"Strengthening infrastructure resilience for climate change mitigation: Case studies from Southeast Asia region with a focus on wastewater treatment plants in addressing flooding challenges","author":"Goh K. 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