{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:10:15Z","timestamp":1778778615259,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>In this study, the degradation of mixed dye (mixture of Azure B and Congo red) was investigated using iron\u2010loaded black soil as a catalyst via Fenton process. Iron\u2010loaded black soil catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method, calcined at different temperatures with varying of iron loading on black soil. Their behavior was compared through characterization techniques (FTIR and XRD). Separately, the effect of calcination and aging of catalyst was investigated on the degradation of mixed dye with optimized conditions. Significant degradation (&gt;90% only in 10\u00a0min) was observed in optimum conditions. Toxicity measurement was done by a seed germination test which gave significant results. In the kinetic study, it was found that Behnajady\u2013Modirshahla\u2013Ghanbery (BMG) model was the best suited for this process compared to other models. In addition, thermodynamic properties (Gibbs free energy [\u2206<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>], activation energy [<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>], activation enthalpy [\u2206<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>], and activation entropy [<jats:bold>\u2206<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>]) were also calculated. The stability of synthesized catalyst was found to be satisfactory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Application of Iron\u2010loaded black soil catalyst<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Mixed dye degradation and toxicity measurement<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Thermodynamic property studies<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T10:37:44Z","timestamp":1564742264000},"page":"211-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Degradation of mixed dye via heterogeneous Fenton process: Studies of calcination, toxicity evaluation, and kinetics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Vijyendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering NIT Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering NIT Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Dharmadhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering NIT Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3126-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabir","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering NIT Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.814009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.03.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07417D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(13)60532-X"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"667","article-title":"Use of Fenton reagent as advanced oxidative process for removing textile dyes from aqueous solutions","volume":"5","author":"El Haddad M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA04949A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Fenton\u2010like oxidation of reactive black 5 solutions using acid\u2010activated Kuala Kangsar clay","volume":"5","author":"Hassan H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Degradation of crystal violet by heterogeneous Fenton\u2010like reaction using Fe\/Clay catalyst with H2O2","volume":"7","author":"Idrissi M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.02.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4314969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2011.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbas.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2883-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.04.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA02023A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0481-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra46969g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA19987E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2018.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Removal of synthetic dyes by the heterogeneous Fenton process using Fe O supported on activated carbon obtained from rose residues","volume":"17","author":"Pedroza A. 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