{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:08:16Z","timestamp":1779890896640,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cysteine\u2010modified Fe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> nanoparticles (l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub>) were synthesized successfully and used as catalyst to activate persulfate (PS) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) degradation. The composite was fully characterized, and the l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> had more protrusions and l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys was combined on the surface of nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub>. The removals of BTEX were 78.2%, 85.1%, 85.3%, 81.2%, respectively, in PS\/l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> system, while only 52.7% 57.8%, 60.8%, and 56.3% of BTEX removals reached under the same condition for nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> chelated with l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys in 48\u2009h. Four successive cycles of BTEX degradation were completed in PS\/l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> system. The synergistic mechanisms of BTEX degradation in PS\/l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> system were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), benzoic acid (BA) probe and X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests. S\uf8ffFe bond in l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys\u2010Fe complexes promoted the electron transfer between nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> core and the solution, iron and iron at the interface, thereby promoting the Fe3+<\/jats:sup>\/Fe2+<\/jats:sup> cycle and the catalytic capacity of nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub>. The optimal pH of PS\/l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> system was 3, while HCO3<\/jats:sub>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and Cl\u2212<\/jats:sup> exhibited negative influences on BTEX degradation. Only 14.2%, 15.5%, 15.9%, and 15.6% BTEX had been removed in the presence of 0.12\u2010M PS and 8.0\u2009g\/L l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> under the actual groundwater condition. However, expanding the dosage of PS and l<\/jats:sc>\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> was an effective strategy to overcome the adverse effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n\nL\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> were synthesized successfully and used as catalyst to activate PS for BTEX degradation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nFour successive cycles of BTEX degradation were completed in PS\/L\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nlS\u2015Fe bond in L\u2010cys@nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> promoted the electron transfer between PS and nFe3<\/jats:sub>O4<\/jats:sub> core.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T03:36:45Z","timestamp":1634873805000},"page":"3023-3036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["l<\/scp>\u2010cysteine\u2010modified Fe3<\/sub>O4<\/sub> nanoparticles as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for persulfate activation on BTEX removal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuecheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuguang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2010.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(98)00216-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.04.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105550"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EN00055A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.10.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.05.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2016.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2015.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129238"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127078"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jaots-2016-0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114914"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2019.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05847"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124735"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.11.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-014-2121-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA07091D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es503496u"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.10.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-019-01733-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.02.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116950"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117936"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA22491H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","first-page":"ws202118","article-title":"Degradation 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