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The ECO was produced by mixing castor oil, surfactants (sapindales and soya lecithin [SL]), vitamin complex, and a citrate\/<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/r.search.yahoo.com\/_ylt=AwrtSTPA_RtfQ3wA7DVr1gt.;_ylu=Y29sbwN0dzEEcG9zAzMEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny\/RV=2\/RE=1595698752\/RO=10\/RU=http%3a%2f%2fterms.naer.edu.tw%2fdetail%2f33955%2f\/RK=2\/RS=Ag4MT1d3rsmhPQpG.ldkDl29oL4-\">sodium phosphate dibasic<\/jats:ext-link> buffer system together for slow carbon release. Results of the emulsification experiments and microcosm tests indicate that ECO emulsion had uniform small droplets (diameter\u2009=\u2009539\u2009nm) with stable oil\u2010in\u2010water characteristics. ECO had a long\u2010lasting, dispersive, negative zeta potential (\u221213 mv), and biodegradable properties (viscosity\u2009=\u2009357 cp). Approximately 97% of TCE could be removed with ECO supplement after a 95\u2010day operational period without the accumulation of TCE dechlorination byproducts (dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride). The buffer system could neutralize acidified groundwater, and citrate could be served as a primary substrate. ECO addition caused an abrupt TCE adsorption at the initial stage and the subsequent removal of adsorbed TCE. Results from the next generation sequences and real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicate that the increased microbial communities and TCE\u2010degrading bacterial consortia were observed after ECO addition. ECO could be used as a pH\u2010control and carbon substrate to enhance anaerobic TCE biodegradation effectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Emulsified castor oil (ECO) contains castor oil, surfactants, and buffer for a slow carbon release and pH control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>ECO can be a long\u2010term carbon source for trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination without causing acidification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>TCE removal after ECO addition is due to adsorption and reductive dechlorination mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T17:40:20Z","timestamp":1638553220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bioremediation of trichloroethylene\u2010polluted groundwater using emulsified castor oil for slow carbon release and acidification control"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7089-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei\u2010Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering National Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ku\u2010Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering National Chi Nan University  Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rao Y.","family":"Surmpalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability  Lenexa Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian C.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; 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