{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:35:04Z","timestamp":1791261304318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1809214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1809214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The discharge of oil\u2010laden wastewater from industrial processes and the frequent occurrence of oil spills pose severe threats to the ecological environment and human health. Membrane materials with special wettability have garnered attention for their ability to achieve efficient oil\u2013water separation by leveraging the differences in wettability at the oil\u2013water interface. These materials are characterized by their simplicity, energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and reusability. Among them, superhydrophilic\u2010underwater superoleophobic membranes inspired by biomimetic fish scale structures have become a focal point of oil\u2013water separation research due to their ability to repel oil contaminants effectively and maintain self\u2010cleaning properties during the separation process. In this study, a stainless steel microporous two\u2010dimensional metal mesh was employed as the substrate, coated with a carrageenan solution, and gelled in situ using sodium periodate as a crosslinking agent to fabricate a membrane with oil\u2013water separation capabilities. The robust hydrophilicity of the carrageenan hydrogel imparts the coated stainless steel mesh with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity (underwater oil contact angle \u2265 158\u00b0), along with excellent antifouling properties and recyclability. Experimental results demonstrate that the membrane achieved separation efficiencies of 98.87%, 98.08%, 98.14%, and 97.98% for silicone oil, canola oil, cyclohexane, and liquid paraffin, respectively, with a water flux of 1380.75\u00a0L\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7h. Remarkably, the membrane retained its initial separation efficiency even after 20\u2009cycles. Additionally, the hydrogel exhibited exceptional stability under highly alkaline conditions, making it suitable for the treatment of complex oil\u2010contaminated wastewater.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study extracted a biocompatible and renewable hydrogel from marine red algae for application in oil\u2013water separation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>A superhydrophilic\/underwater superoleophobic oil\u2013water separation membrane was developed based on biomimetic fish scale structures.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The membrane exhibited exceptionally high separation efficiency under pure gravity\u2010driven conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The resulting material exhibits excellent oil repellency, self\u2010cleaning capability, and recyclability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:21:11Z","timestamp":1736814071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Facile preparation of marine carrageenan hydrogel\u2010coated steel mesh with superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic performance for highly efficient oil\u2013water separation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5724-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control Zhejiang Ocean University  Zhoushan P. 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