{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:21:35Z","timestamp":1791976895285,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n In response to limited carbon dioxide availability and increasing costs during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, an investigation into split treatment was performed. A 2020 pilot study showed that a 5% raw water bypass and target caustic alkalinity range of 26\u201336\u2009mg\/L as CaCO\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n resulted in 25% and 7% carbon dioxide and lime savings, respectively. Considering this promising outcome, the potential for scaling and corrosion within the plant was evaluated during a subsequent split treatment trial in this study. Mild steel scale coupons were assessed for scaling and corrosion at four different treatment conditions. These results found that a 5% raw water bypass is predicted to have a minimal impact of scaling and corrosion on the water plant infrastructure when compared to full lime softening. Results are significant since split treatment can save over $150,000 annually with no apparent change in water quality, improving the plant's resilience and sustainability.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n A 5% raw water bypass produced scale and corrosion similar to full lime softening. Localized build\u2010up results in surface corrosion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Relocation of SHMP did not show appreciable sequestration of hardness ions. Adjusting dosage and\/or using a polyphosphate blend is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n A 5% raw water bypass can be implemented at a lime softening facility to reduce chemical usage and cost.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n A similar procedure can be conducted to analyze the impacts of a larger percent bypass for additional chemical savings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T22:45:56Z","timestamp":1738622756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation of impact of split treatment on finished water quality for the Ames water treatment plant"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0767-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Martindale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HDR, Inc. Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environment Engineering Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Urbandale Urbandale Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyle","family":"Hammes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Des Moines Water Works Des Moines Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Eshelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Ames Water Treatment Plant Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41529-019-0090-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/awwa.1725"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"Carus LLC. 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(2017). \u201cDrinking Water Plant Operator Certification Training: Corrosion Control and Sequestering.\u201d Bureau of Safe Drinking Water Department of Environmental Protection.https:\/\/files.dep.state.pa.us\/water\/bsdw\/operatorcertification\/TrainingModules\/dw-20_corrosion_control_and_sequestering_wb.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w13192752"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5681\/hpp.2012.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"ThermoFisher Scientific. (2023). \u201cEDS Analysis with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).\u201dwww.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/global\/forms\/industrial\/edx-analysis-sem.html#:~:text=EDX%20analysis%20in%20SEM%3A%20the%20principle%20explained&text=In%20the%20first%20step%2C%20the knocked%2Doff%20from%20the%20atom"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","unstructured":"Ulbirch. (2022). \u201cWhat Are the Most Common Forms of Metal Corrosion?\u201dwww.ulbrich.com\/blog\/what-are-the-most-common-forms-of-metal-corrosion\/"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wer.70019","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:37:11Z","timestamp":1775720231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.70019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.70019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.70019","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70019"}}