{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:08:26Z","timestamp":1777997306880,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The studies on purifying water and wastewaters contaminated with phenolic compounds have always been set up within recent years either full\u2010scale or lab\u2010scale experiments. In this research, treatment of the synthesized catechol (CC) solution was done by using magnetized granular activated pomegranate peel carbon (GAPPC) simultaneously with an electrocoagulation (EC) system for the first time. The experiments on both the EC\u2010magnetic GAPPC and the magnetic GAPPC to find the optimum operating parameters like pH, contact time (CT), supportive electrolyte concentration, current densities (DC), adsorbent dosage, temperature to remove CC were conducted in batch\u2010mode. The highest removal rate (88%) was achieved at pH\u2009=\u00a06\u20138, CT\u2009=\u200930, supportive electrolyte\u2009=\u00a00.25\u2009g\/L, DC\u2009=\u00a00.5\u00a0A\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, magnetic GAPPC dosage\u2009=\u00a00.25\u2009g\/L. Under this condition, the rate of anode dissociation was 2.9\u00a0mg\/L as the produced coagulant, the used electrical energy was 3.5\u00a0kW\u2009h, and the produced sludge rate was not more than 220\u2009mg\/L. However, synergistic order to remove CC could be as EC\u2010magnetic GAPPC\u2009&gt;\u2009EC\u2009&gt;\u2009&gt;\u2009magnetic GAPPC. Chromatographic analysis suggested that benzoquinone could be regarded as EC degradation intermediate of CC and simple aliphatic acids as its semifinal oxidation products along with Fe\u2010bonded complexes. Adsorption isotherm followed Freundlich model having higher <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> representing multilayer adsorption. The adsorption kinetics investigation demonstrated that the pseudo\u2010second\u2010order model better fits the experimental data rather with higher <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>. The cost analysis revealed that treating aqueous CC solutions using EC\u2010magnetic GAPPC does not cost more than $0.8.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Using simultaneously electrocoagulation and magnetic AC made by pomegranate peel is extremely cost\u2010effective having high efficiency (88%) for removing CC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Benzoquinone is the intermediate of CC electrochemical degradation through EC\u2010magnetic GAPPC treatment process, and formic and acetic acids, and Fe\u2010bonded complexes as its semifinal and final products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Adsorption mechanism was multilayer following Freundlich isotherm model and kinetics adsorption was well\u2010fitted with pseudo\u2010second\u2010order model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>CC adsorption by magnetic GAPPC was a spontaneous and exothermal mechanism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The synergic order of EC\u2010magnetite GAPPC was EC\u2010magnetic GAPPC\u2009&gt;\u2009EC\u2009&gt;\u2009&gt;\u2009magnetic GAPPC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:40:39Z","timestamp":1741711239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Treatment of synthetic catechol solution by electrocoagulation\u2010magnetic granular activated pomegranate peel carbon: A cost\u2010effective approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi Golbini","family":"Mofrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Bulter\u2010Carlton Hall Missouri University of Science &amp; Technology  Rolla Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mokhtar","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center Saveh University of Medical Sciences  Saveh Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Water\u2010 and Waste Management University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Institute for Water and River Basin Management Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.08.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.02.036"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"561","article-title":"Application of ozone for the removal of catechol from aquatic environment","volume":"26","author":"Aghapour A. 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