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Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box\u2013Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration, current density, and electrolysis time on the reduction of COD using the EF technique. According to the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the EF technique, FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations, with a contribution of 40.06%, and current density, with a contribution of 46.35%, exert a considerable influence. The optimum conditions for COD elimination rate (99.06%) and energy consumption (9.805\u2009kWh\/kg COD) were achieved using an electrolysis time of 85.12\u2009min, a current density of 25\u2009mA\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and a concentration of 1.335\u2009mM FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    . For the EF+AC process, a central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the influence of the packing level of activated carbon (AC) and the time on the reduction of COD at a constant current density of 5\u2009mA\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration of 0.2\u2009mM. The packing level of AC significantly influenced the elimination of COD, with time being the subsequent factor. The results showed that the optimal conditions led to a 98.77% removal of COD, requiring 0.91\u2009kWh\/kg COD. This efficiency and energy consumption were attained by using 92% packed AC and allowing the process to run for 85\u2009min. EF+AC was found to have lower energy consumption and a smaller quantity of ferrous sulfate compared to EF. Notably, the current system offers a promising vision by combining the benefits of adsorption and electro\u2010Fenton for wastewater remediation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T11:44:52Z","timestamp":1759578292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Combining Electro Fenton With Adsorption Processes for Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Ali\u00a0N.","family":"Kassob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department College of Engineering, University of Al\u2010Qadisiyah  Al\u2010Diwaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4090-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali\u00a0H.","family":"Abbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Engineering Al\u2010Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad  Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7134-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah\u00a0Y.","family":"Ghjeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department College of Engineering, University of Al\u2010Qadisiyah  Al\u2010Diwaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaid\u00a0H.","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department College of Engineering, University of Al\u2010Qadisiyah  Al\u2010Qadisiyah, Al\u2010Diwaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainab\u00a0T.","family":"Al\u2010Sharify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oil and Gas Refining Engineering Al Hikma University College  Baghdad Iraq"},{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering Mustansiriyah University  Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater by Modified Electro\u2010Fenton Method With Nano Porous Aluminum Electrode","volume":"2","author":"Adimi M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Water And Environmental Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.120967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajce.2024.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.05.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-015-0815-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canciani C. 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