{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:16:56Z","timestamp":1771309016951,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Groundwater circulation well (GCW) technology and electro\u2010Fenton (EF) technology offer promising prospects for groundwater remediation due to their high efficiency in removing volatile organic compounds and their advantage of causing no secondary pollution. In this study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was selected as the target contaminant to investigate the remediation performance of the EF coupled with GCW technology. The results indicate that the optimal COD removal was achieved at an applied voltage of 30\u2009V, as higher voltages facilitate the accelerated generation of \u00b7OH radicals, thereby enhancing the degradation rate of pollutants. However, excessively high voltages may lead to increased current, elevated energy consumption, and potential anode damage; thus, considering both treatment efficiency and economic cost, 20\u2009V was identified as the optimal voltage. In the coupled EF\u2013GCW system, the optimal aeration rate was determined to be 1.3\u2009L\/min. Increasing the aeration rate beyond this value did not significantly improve the removal performance and instead reduced EF efficiency due to decreased dissolved oxygen residence time. Furthermore, the current GCW hydraulic design presents flow blind zones, which limit remediation efficiency in certain regions. This study defines the optimal operational window for the EF\u2013GCW system and provides insights into overcoming hydraulic circulation blind spots, offering valuable process parameters for the optimization and practical application of groundwater remediation technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T13:04:27Z","timestamp":1767963867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Remediation of COD\u2010Contaminated Groundwater by Coupled Electro\u2010Fenton and Groundwater Circulation Well: An Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2582-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongchao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Geological Environment Monitoring Institute  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Solid Waste and Chemical Pollution Prevention Center  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Geological Environment Monitoring Institute  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xizhao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Geological Environment Monitoring Institute  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Geological Environment Monitoring Institute  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangjie","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Geological Environment Monitoring Institute  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengdong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention  Sanhe China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Remediation Simulation of a Groundwater Circulation Well for a NAPL\u2010Contaminated Aquifer","volume":"27","author":"Bai J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research of Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"3775","article-title":"Laboratory Evaluation of Remediation of a Nitrobenzene\u2010Contaminated Aquifer Using a Groundwater Circulation Well","volume":"35","author":"Bai J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Science (China)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(02)00293-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(02)00057-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Ding X. F.2022. \u201cNumerical Simulation of Three\u2010Dimensional Flow Field and Its Circulation Effect Induced by Groundwater Circulation Well (Master's Thesis Jilin University)\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Du Z. H.2025. \u201cIn Situ Remediation of Low\u2010Permeability Polluted Aquifers Using Electric\u2010Power\u2010Coupled Circulation Well Technology (Doctoral Dissertation Jilin University)\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"841","article-title":"The Electrodynamic Coupled Circulation Well Technology Remediates Pollution in Low\u2010Permeability Aquifers","volume":"44","author":"Du Z. H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Environmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es050628f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202309625"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Electrolytic Circulation Well Drives Chemical Oxidation of TCE in a Simulated Aquifer","volume":"28","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Science Frontiers"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Electrolytic Circulation Well Coupled with Oxidation and Reduction for Trichloroethylene Degradation in Groundwater","volume":"47","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"4639","article-title":"Study on Heat Transfer and Aniline Remediation Effect of Thermal Enhanced Circulation Well","volume":"43","author":"Lu L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Environmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Environmental Protection of China.2007. \u201cWater quality\u2014Determination of the chemical oxygen demand\u2014Fast digestion\u2013Spectrophotometric method (HJ\/T 399\u20132007).\u201d Beijing."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2008.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Qu Z. H.2011. \u201cMonitoring of Natural Attenuation in Diesel\u2010Contaminated Subsurface and Enhanced Remediation of Polluted Aquifers by In\u2010Well Air Stripping (Doctoral Dissertation Jilin University China)\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Remediation Effect on Chlorobenzene\u2010Contaminated Groundwater by a Circulation Well","volume":"30","author":"Qu Z. H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering (China)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Large\u2010Scale Experiments for in Situ Flushing Using Groundwater Circulation Wells: Identification of Processes and Limiting Parameters","volume":"250","author":"Scholz M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ground Water Quality"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL097556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2021.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"Sun R. R.2017. \u201cRemediation of Organic\u2010Contaminated Sites by Electrokinetic\u2010Enhanced Groundwater Circulation Well (Master's Thesis Donghua University)\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Study on MTBE Remediation in Soil and Groundwater by Groundwater Circulation Well","volume":"35","author":"Sun R. R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Engineering (China)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Thorne T. D. L. P.Maroti andD. U.Sivaswamy.1997. \u201cOperation of In\u2010Well Aeration and Soil Vapor Extraction Remediation Systems.\u201d In Proceedings of the US EPA Region VIII Corrective Actions Conference Salt Lake City UT."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.1998. \u201cField Applications of In\u00a0Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground\u2010Water Circulation Wells.\u201d Washington DC: US EPA."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"Wang X.2013. \u201cStudy on the Remediation of Simulated Aquifer Contaminated by Aniline Using Groundwater Circulation Well Combined With In\u2010Well Bioreactor (Master's Thesis Jilin University)\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Feasibility of Rapid Treatment of BTEX in Groundwater by Fenton's Reagent","volume":"37","author":"Yang L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2024.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"Yuan H. W.2023. \u201cStudy on the Effectiveness of Reactive Recirculation Well for Remediation of Benzene\u2010Contaminated Groundwater and Site Demonstration (Master's Thesis Institute of Disaster Prevention)\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/163158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-019-1521-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/176159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6737-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"3969","article-title":"Solubilization of Tween 80 for Enhanced Remediation of Naphthalene\u2010Contaminated Groundwater by Groundwater Circulation Well","volume":"46","author":"Zhao Y. S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Treatment of Cyanide\u2010Containing Wastewater by Three\u2010Dimensional Electro\u2010Fenton Method","volume":"50","author":"Zhou S. Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Treatment Technology"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70245","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wer.70245","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:40:17Z","timestamp":1771306817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.70245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.70245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.70245","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70245"}}