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To address these issues, CdO NPs were synthesized at various calcination temperatures (300\u00b0C\u2013500\u00b0C) through a simple and cost\u2010effective method using\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ficus carica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    leaf extract as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. Structural analyses revealed a calcination\u2010induced phase transition from cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH)\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) to crystalline CdO accompanied by a reduction in surface \u2010OH groups, which can influence the surface properties and photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of CdO NPs, assessed via methyl orange degradation. The sample calcined at 500\u00b0C exhibited the highest efficiency, achieving 41% degradation in the absence of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , which markedly increased to 95% upon H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    addition. Furthermore, the reusability test over 5\u2009cycles showed only a minimal decrease in photocatalytic activity, demonstrating the stability of the CdO NPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T08:46:09Z","timestamp":1776329169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eco\u2010Friendly Synthesis of CdO Photocatalyst: Tuning Structural, Morphological, and Optical Characteristics via Calcination Temperature"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5236-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim\u00a0A.","family":"Miraeez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Duhok  Duhok Kurdistan Region Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghad\u00a0Y.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Duhok  Duhok Kurdistan Region Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26682\/sjuod.2023.26.2.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2020.109666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2211544709999201123193710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16583655.2022.2161333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2024.101163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904\u2010020\u201001600\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/gps\u20102021\u20100048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854\u2010025\u201014389\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.01.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/s10051\u2010025\u201000867\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MA00807A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570179417666200628140547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2019.411973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2024.117876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186620"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2020.503149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC131.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204\u2010020\u201000091\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596\u2010024\u201002198\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.04.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671\u2010021\u201003555\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.07.689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971\u2010024\u201006352\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1380\/ejssnt.2023\u2010010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammoodi F. 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