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In order to assess its viability in pilot\u2010scale biodiesel production, the physicochemical characterization of waste cooking oil (WCO), which included FFA (0.11 to 1.77%), moisture content (0.69 to 1.87%), viscosity (13.01 to 16.76 cSt), and density (0.910 to 0.94\u2009g\/cc). Low\u2010FFA waste cooking oil was converted into biodiesel by single\u2010step transesterification at 60\u00b0C\u201365\u00b0C utilizing a methanol\u2013NaOH. Biodiesel was washed with hot water until a neutral pH was reached, producing 128\u2013136\u2009L of alkaline wash water each batch. Biodiesel wash water with high pH (10.9 to 11.7), turbidity (441 to 420 NTU), TSS (18.88 to 18.19\u2009mg\/L), TDS (84\u201388\u2009mg\/L), oil and grease (1.24 to 0.918\u2009mg\/L) concentration was targeted for recovery and reuse by adsorption utilizing food waste\u2010activated carbon. In order to effectively recover and reuse in a zero\u2010liquid\u2010discharge process, a pilot\u2010scale packed adsorption column utilizing mixed food waste\u2010activated carbon was included into the biodiesel system to treat 128\u2013136\u2009L of alkaline, high\u2010turbidity wash water each batch. Effective water purification was demonstrated by the treatment of mixed biodiesel wash water in the food waste\u2010activated carbon (FWAC) column, which consistently lowered pH to ~7.1\u20137.3, turbidity to 1 NTU, TSS to 9\u201310\u2009mg\/L, and oil\u2013grease to 0.15\u20130.17\u2009mg\/L. Fuel satisfying ASTM criteria was created by refining biodiesel using FWAC\u2010treated wash water, showcasing a successful zero\u2010discharge strategy that promotes the circular economy, GHG reduction, and India's Net Zero 2070 goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:07:28Z","timestamp":1778915248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Oil: A Study Towards Zero\u2010Discharge Strategy via Pilot\u2010Scale Packed Adsorption Column for Wash Water Treatment and Reuse"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8685-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Santhosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Waste Management \u2013 International Research Centre Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Energy Research (Bioenergy Division) International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3914-6422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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