{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:46:08Z","timestamp":1782463568347,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) invariably question the timing and the advantages of modifying their biosolids dewatering systems from belt filter presses to centrifuges, as this change can reduce the water content from about 80% to 70%. The upgrade makes perfect sense keeping in mind the ever\u2010increasing distances of transporting the biosolids to end users. However, a factor of concern that needs to be considered, besides the investment capital, is the alleged sharp increase of emitted odors by centrifuge dewatering, causing a negative public impact. This paper compares the chemical and sensory odor results from a large WRRF that originally dewatered its anaerobically digested biosolids through belt filter presses and then replaced this process with dewatering centrifuges. No major changes in the wastewater characteristics or in the unit operations occurred in the interval, which provides a unique opportunity to observe the changes in odor emissions. The results show that there is a change in the predominant chemical odorants emitted as well as a sharp increase in the variety of odor characters and intensities corresponding with the change in dewatering technology. Worst\u2010case odorant concentrations (the maximum value observed) from belt filter press to centrifuge dewatering significantly increased from 52 to 4980\u2009ppb for hydrogen sulfide, increased from 390 to 1100\u2009ppb for methyl mercaptan, increased from 520 to 3200\u2009ppb for dimethyl sulfide, and increased from 27 to 270\u2009ppb for dimethyl disulfide. At the same time, whereas the worst\u2010case rotten vegetable odor intensity remained the same, and earthy\/musty decreased by one order of magnitude, the fecal and manure odor intensities increased by two orders of magnitude. Keeping in mind that odor intensity is reported in a log scale, these changes are significant, especially as they peak at the top end of the odor intensity scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:36:43Z","timestamp":1781800603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparison of Biosolids Odorants and Odors Emitted from Belt Filter Press and Centrifuge Dewatering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1723-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeo G.","family":"Vitko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mission Viejo California USA"},{"name":"Retired Orange County Sanitation District  Fountain Valley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwin H.","family":"Suffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"APHA","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Determination of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Chemiluminescence","author":"ASTM D5504\u201012","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Standard Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresholds by a Forced\u2010Choice Ascending Concentration Series Method of Limits","author":"ASTM E679\u201004","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Borkowski V. andE.Choi.2024. \u201cWhat Every Operator Needs to Know About Dewatering.\u201dWE&T Magazine Operator Essentials. Water Environment Federation."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003579007-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w17020170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13101724"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.103961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Air Quality \u2013 Determination of Odor Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry (Original in French)","author":"EN 13725","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13050798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Sensory Assessment of Odour Emissions in Wastewater Treatment: Implications for Biosolids Management","volume":"112","author":"Guerrero T. N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Transactions"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1090\/1\/012016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/193864705783967665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-67237-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/193864704784137125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2006.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"OC San Report.2017. \u201cOdor Control Master Plan (SP\u2010166) for the Orange County Sanitation District.\u201d CH2M\u2010Hill Engineers Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"OC San Report.2025. \u201cCharacterization & Air Dispersion Modeling of Odors From Plant 1 Thickening & Dewatering Facility.\u201d MH3 Corp & Jacobs Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w13243503"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"The Effect of the Unpleasant Odor of Gohar Rood River in Rasht on the Quality of Life of Human Communities","volume":"2","author":"Shariati F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Health Risks"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitko T. 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