{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:46:17Z","timestamp":1782463577167,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Water quality deterioration in Iraqi rivers, characterized by elevated dissolved salts, sulfates, and suspended solids, represents a critical environmental challenge that conventional solid weirs cannot address. This study presents a systematic laboratory investigation of a porous broad\u2010crested weir (PBCW) packed with limestone (\n Ls<\/jats:italic>\n ) and activated alumina (\n Al<\/jats:italic>\n ) in four configurations (\n Ls<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Al<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Al\u2013Ls\u2013Al<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Ls\u2013Al\u2013Ls<\/jats:italic>\n ) to achieve simultaneous removal of sodium chloride (\n NaCl<\/jats:italic>\n ), sulfate (\n SO<\/jats:italic>\n \n 4<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \n 2\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n ), turbidity, and pH correction. Experiments were conducted under four hydraulic regimes: through\u2010flow, through\u2010flow limit, transition flow, and overflow limit, with water samples collected at 10 intervals over 240\u2009min. Results show that activated alumina consistently outperformed limestone for ionic removal, with the all\u2010alumina configuration achieving peak\n NaCl<\/jats:italic>\n and\n SO<\/jats:italic>\n \n 4<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \n 2\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n efficiencies of 10.6% and 9.8%, respectively, under through\u2010flow limit conditions. Limestone configurations provided superior turbidity reduction (up to 69.3%) and\n pH<\/jats:italic>\n correction (from 5.80 to 7.05). Among hybrid configurations,\n Al\u2013Ls\u2013Al<\/jats:italic>\n delivered the most balanced multicontaminant performance and is recommended for practical deployment. Through\u2010flow limit (\n Q<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091.85\u2009m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009h\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n h<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u200910\u2009cm) was identified as the optimal hydraulic condition across all configurations. Treatment efficiency declined progressively with time due to adsorption site saturation, with alumina exhibiting steeper decay than limestone. These results establish the PBCW as a viable passive treatment technology for decentralized, low\u2010energy water quality improvement in water\u2010scarce regions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:33:13Z","timestamp":1781746393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Investigation of Simultaneous NaCl, SO\n 4<\/sub>\n 2\u2212<\/sup>\n , Turbidity, and pH Removal Using Limestone\u2013Alumina Porous Broad\u2010Crested Weirs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6992-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afeaa","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering University of Al\u2010Qadisiyah Al\u2010Qadisiyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thulfikar Razzak","family":"Al\u2010Husseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering University of Al\u2010Qadisiyah Al\u2010Qadisiyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Hadi","family":"Ghawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Roads and Transport Engineering, College of Engineering University of Al\u2010Qadisiyah Al\u2010Qadisiyah 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