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The Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram (HFE\u2010D) and the Groundwater Quality Index for Seawater Intrusion (GQI\n                    <jats:sub>SWI<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were applied to assess seawater intrusion and its hydrochemical evolution. Groundwater is predominantly brackish, with salinity decreasing inland from the coast, and seawater influence is markedly stronger in the shallow aquifer than in the deep confined aquifer. Compared with the single Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    indicator, GQI\n                    <jats:sub>SWI<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduces the impact of local anomalies and more reliably reflects the regional distribution of intrusion intensity. Hydrochemical facies evolve from Ca\u2010HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    to Ca\u2010Cl and then to Na\u2010Cl, and HFE\u2010D indicates that salinization results from freshwater\u2013seawater mixing combined with reverse cation exchange and mineral dissolution rather than simple mixing alone. The shallow aquifer acts as the main zone of salt migration and transformation, whereas deep groundwater chemistry is controlled primarily by long\u2010term water\u2013rock interaction. The combined application of GQI\n                    <jats:sub>SWI<\/jats:sub>\n                    and hydrochemical evolution analysis identifies seawater intrusion from both quantitative and process perspectives and provides a scientific basis for groundwater management and zoning in coastal plains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:30:02Z","timestamp":1782826202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying Seawater Intrusion and Hydrochemical Processes in the Cangzhou Area of the North China Coastal Plain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution East China University of Technology  Nanchang Jiangxi 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