{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:06:53Z","timestamp":1785330413597,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly vancomycin\u2010resistant enterococci (VRE), poses a critical global health threat. Although wastewater disinfection limits pathogen dissemination, conventional chlorine\u2010based disinfection can be ineffective against antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria (ARB) and may induce viable but nonculturable (VBNC) states. This study compared performic acid (PFA), peracetic acid (PAA), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for inactivation of VRE and total enterococci (TE) in high\u2010ammonia secondary effluent. Batch disinfection experiments were conducted using an integrated concentration\u2013time (ICT) framework, assessing microbial survival under standard (24\u2009h) and extended (3\u20135\u2009days) incubation, to quantify posttreatment recoverability (reactivation\/regrowth). PFA achieved rapid and consistent inactivation within the effective linear range, whereas PAA exhibited slower, variable kinetics with distinctive shouldering. NaOCl proved the least reliable and displayed a \u201clower dose advantage.\u201d Reactivation was strongly dependent on inactivation magnitude. At the doses investigated, only PFA consistently achieved &gt;\u20092.5\u2010log reductions associated with minimal recovery. By comparison, PAA and NaOCl did not reach inactivation levels adequate to suppress reactivation within the tested ICT ranges, indicating VBNC states and regrowth. Within the tested ICT ranges in GLWA secondary effluent, these findings suggest PFA is a promising alternative disinfectant for controlling ARB and provide a reactivation\u2010aware framework for setting exposure targets based on durable, not just immediate, inactivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T01:51:56Z","timestamp":1783302716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward Robust ARB Inactivation in Wastewater: Comparing Performic Acid, Peracetic Acid, and Chloramination Using ICT, Resistance, and Reactivation Metrics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Nuha","family":"Alfahham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Brown and Caldwell  Troy Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine Y.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazen and Sawyer  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3857-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen T.","family":"Daigger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1294241"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Vancomycin\u2010Resistant Enterococcus faecium: A Current Perspective on Resilience, Adaptation, and the Urgent Need for Novel Strategies","author":"Almeida\u2010Santos A. 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