{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:06:36Z","timestamp":1785330396235,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42302299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42302299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2906700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2906700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Brine is a critical type of an important mineral resource. Taking groundwater around the E11 Salt Field of the Lop Nur (Xinjiang) as the research object, this study adopted hydrochemical analysis, correlation analysis, self\u2010organizing map (SOM) clustering, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to investigate hydrochemical characteristics and genetic mechanisms of groundwater surrounding the salt field in arid regions. The results reveal that groundwater in the study area is mainly composed of Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with weakly alkaline properties and extremely high total dissolved solids (TDS\u2009&gt;\u2009311.38\u2009g\/L). Groundwater samples are classified into four clusters (C1\u2013C4) via SOM clustering. The hydrochemical type evolves from Na\u2010Cl type (C3 and C4) to Mg\u2010Cl type (C1). Intense evaporation and concentration control the overall groundwater evolution. At the current evolutionary stage, groundwater undergoes halite precipitation and gradually transitions toward sylvite precipitation. Water\u2013rock interactions such as reverse cation exchange are the critical factors causing spatial differences in hydrochemical compositions. The infiltration boundary of dikes and spatial distribution characteristics of radon isotopes (\n                    <jats:sup>222<\/jats:sup>\n                    Rn) verify the lateral leakage of salt field brine. Groundwater with high TDS and low radon concentrations (C1 and C2) is substantially affected by brine mixing, which acts as the core driving force for groundwater salinization. PMF source apportionment indicates that evaporation, reverse cation exchange, and brine leakage mixing jointly control groundwater hydrochemistry. Groundwater in Cluster C4 is dominated by water\u2013rock interactions (70.93% contribution), whereas the hydrochemistry of Cluster C1 is primarily controlled by brine leakage\u2013mixing (73.79% contribution). This study provides theoretical support for interpreting groundwater hydrochemical genesis in arid salt lake areas and possesses significant scientific value for efficient exploitation of regional mineral resources.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:32:26Z","timestamp":1783488746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Groundwater in Lop Nur Salt Field, Northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6708-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau  Beijing China"},{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SDIC Xinjiang Lop Nor Potash Co., Ltd  Hami China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1670-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanjun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Center China Geological Survey  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingfen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Administration of Coal Geology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemer.2013.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-6724.15127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15213788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2024.1431635"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-001-0166-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-025-12145-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125629"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"432","article-title":"Chemical Characteristics and Genesis of Deep Groundwater in the Xinji Mining Area","volume":"48","author":"Huang W. W.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth and Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-023-01587-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01371-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-020-00622-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5260-y"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Origin of Superficial Fissures and Their Influence on Engineering Construction in the Luozhong Area, Lop Nur","volume":"81","author":"Li H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Geologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-017-0507-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w17192881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-018-1793-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app16052200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2010.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82958-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(89)90294-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2016.12.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125748"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2021.106795"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(72)90168-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC080i027p03812"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/env.3170050203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min13040560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2020.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-4419-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-019-02106-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-020-00716-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/JGSE.2024.9280015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1388262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-6724.12767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132036"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70485","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wer.70485","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:32:51Z","timestamp":1785328371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.70485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.70485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.70485","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70485"}}