{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:56:31Z","timestamp":1790560591432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aeration is the dominant controllable energy demand in activated\u2010sludge wastewater treatment, but peak\u2010period aeration reduction can compromise dissolved oxygen supply, nitrification, and effluent NH\u2084\u2010N compliance. This study develops an XGBoost\u2010assisted effluent ammonium buffer\u2010first aeration scheduling framework (XGB\u2010WQBF\u2010guarded) for flexible wastewater treatment under influent disturbances. Offline Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2) rollouts were used to train surrogate models for future maximum NH\u2084\u2010N, violation probability, and aeration flexibility capacity (AFC) over an 8\u2009h horizon. Online candidate KLa sequences were accepted only after predictive water\u2010quality screening, and a transparent recovery guard overrode the data\u2010driven action when the current NH\u2084\u2010N buffer was low, or no predicted\u2010safe schedule existed. XGB\u2010WQBF\u2010guarded maintained zero NH\u2084\u2010N violations in the evaluated deterministic BSM2 scenarios, with peak\u2010period aeration reductions of 17.86%, 9.92%, and 11.11% for dry\u2010weather, high\u2010ammonium\u2010shock, and rain\u2010disturbance cases, respectively. Under combined sensor noise and actuator mismatch, violation rates increased to 7.22% in the high\u2010ammonium\u2010shock case and 3.89% in the rain case; a conservative threshold reduced these rates to 3.89% and 2.22%, respectively, with lower PAR. Held\u2010out shock tests further showed that zero\u2010violation performance is conditional on disturbance patterns similar to the training rollouts. The framework should therefore be interpreted as a benchmark\u2010supported, operator\u2010facing scheduling concept that requires plant\u2010specific validation before full\u2010scale deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:02:36Z","timestamp":1785920556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["XGBoost\u2010Assisted Effluent Ammonium Buffer\u2010First Aeration Scheduling for Wastewater Treatment Under Influent Disturbances: A BSM2 Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyang","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Oil &amp; Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6745-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Development Guorun Water Investment Co., Ltd  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Development Guorun Water Investment Co., Ltd  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanbei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Development Guorun Water Investment Co., Ltd  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Angelopoulos A. N. andS.Bates.2021. \u201cA Gentle Introduction to Conformal Prediction and Distribution\u2010Free Uncertainty Quantification.\u201d arXiv:2107.07511."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.08.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T. andC.Guestrin.2016. \u201cXGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System.\u201d Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining.785\u2013794.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.280560110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2006.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2022.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2022.388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.202200058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2022.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wej.12925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajce.2026.100845"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202564703003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.1460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.103237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2022.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2019.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2025.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2025.103271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2006.773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120676"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70520","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wer.70520","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70520","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:52:54Z","timestamp":1790560374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.70520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.70520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.70520","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70520"}}