{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:56:33Z","timestamp":1790560593136,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019689","name":"Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNCI\u2010ECCS\u20102025490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNCI\u2010ECCS\u20102025490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cartridge filters are used as a prefilter to reverse osmosis (RO) membranes to reduce membrane fouling during operation. However, cartridge filters typically serve as a physical barrier for foulant removal. This study reports a side\u2010by\u2010side comparison of an electropositive filtration (EPF) cartridge (NanoCeram) with a conventional string\u2010wound filtration (SWF) under full\u2010scale operating conditions at the Scottsdale Water Reclamation Facility (Scottsdale Water Campus). A customized two\u2010stage RO test bed operating at 500\u2009gal per day and 25%\u201340% recovery was used to evaluate the performance of EPF over an 8\u2010week period. Performance metrics included RO permeate flux stability, membrane fouling analysis, and specific energy consumption of water production. The EPF filter was found to reduce membrane fouling, resulting in a ~20% increase in RO permeate flux and 13%\u201318% decrease in energy consumption in the unit operating with the EPF compared to the one using the conventional SWF. In addition, the presence of a carbon filter prior to the EPF filter was found not to be needed for its good operation. This study is the first report of an on\u2010site trial of EPF cartridge filters for RO fouling mitigation in a wastewater reuse setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T07:42:27Z","timestamp":1787038947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On\u2010Site Evaluation of Electropositive Filtration for Fouling Control: Case Study in a Water Reuse Desalination System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Marion","family":"Bellier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahnawaz","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Knispel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonide Corporation  Sanford Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Battenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonide Corporation  Sanford Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4756-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Perreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Quebec in Montreal  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964\u20108305(98)80004\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11030167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14908"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es5041738"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015\u20101882(10)70035\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011\u20109164(02)00343\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.122295"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2011.1281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.04.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2011.1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02705\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00922\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2012.713589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am3012998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.796731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2020.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.122399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201\u2010018\u20100806\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World: Selected Papers From ERTEP 2007","author":"Richards B. 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