{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:03:27Z","timestamp":1790643807649,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Rice mill effluent (RME) typically exhibits high chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity, which adversely affect the efficiency of cavitation\u2010based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this study, electrocoagulation (EC) was employed as a preliminary treatment to improve effluent characteristics prior to hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) treatment. The EC operating parameters were maintained constant throughout all experiments. In the secondary treatment stage, multiple HC strategies were systematically evaluated, including standalone HC, HC with air injection, HC with air and hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and HC with air and sodium persulfate (Na\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). EC significantly improved RME characteristics by reducing TSS, turbidity, COD, and TOC, thereby enhancing effluent clarity. The improved effluent quality facilitated enhanced mass transfer, stable bubble formation and collapse, and improved cavitation efficiency during the subsequent HC process. Oxidant\u2010assisted HC significantly enhanced COD removal efficiency. Optimum dosages of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (10\u2009g\/L) and Na\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    (3.0\u2009g\/L) achieved COD removal efficiencies of 88.8% and 90.7%, respectively. Apparent pseudo\u2010first\u2010order kinetic analysis confirmed enhanced degradation kinetics under optimum oxidant\u2010assisted conditions. The optimum H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010assisted HC process achieved a kinetic rate constant of 6.99\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , whereas Na\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010assisted HC exhibited comparatively higher degradation kinetics with a rate constant of 9.28\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . CFD analysis further confirmed the formation of intense low\u2010pressure cavitation zones downstream of the venturi, supporting the experimentally observed enhancement in oxidation performance. Additionally, the synergistic interaction between EC and HC processes was confirmed through a synergy coefficient greater than unity. The laboratory\u2010scale integrated EC\u2010HC process demonstrated a promising approach for RME treatment. However, further validation through continuous\u2010flow operation, comprehensive water quality assessment (including TOC reduction and toxicity evaluation), energy optimization, and detailed techno\u2010economic analysis is required to establish its practical applicability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:12:02Z","timestamp":1789107122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrocoagulation and Hydrodynamic Cavitation, a Hybrid Process for Efficient COD Removal From Rice Mill Effluent"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Puja","family":"Paramanik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Central Mechanical Engineering Research institute  Durgapur West Bengal India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific &amp; Innovative Research (AcSIR)  Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kulbhushan","family":"Samal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Central Mechanical Engineering Research institute  Durgapur West Bengal India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific &amp; Innovative Research (AcSIR)  Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1172-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swarup Ranjan","family":"Debbarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Central Mechanical Engineering Research institute  Durgapur West Bengal India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific &amp; Innovative Research (AcSIR)  Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es035121o"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.103074"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Treatment of Waste Water From Parboiled Rice Mill Unit by Coagulation\/Flocculation","volume":"2","author":"Asati S. 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