{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:53:53Z","timestamp":1791003233436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Industrial wastewater contaminated with synthetic dyes remains a critical environmental concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and poor biodegradability. In this study, \u03b2\u2010cyclodextrin (\u03b2CD) functionalized geophagic clay was evaluated as an adsorbent under continuous flow fixed\u2010bed conditions. Structural characterization confirmed successful \u03b2CD immobilization, with SEM\/EDS showing carbon\u2010enriched agglomerated sheets, the FTIR spectra exhibiting new O\u2013C stretching bands at 1152 and 1025\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and XRD patterns indicating lattice reorganization with enhanced basal reflections and new peaks at 17.9\u00b0 and 25.1\u00b0. Performance testing demonstrated that an optimized 3\u2010cm bed height achieved 93% RhB removal within 3\u2009min 57\u2009s, while MO removal exceeded 96% at 50\u2009ppm. Regeneration studies showed strong reusability, with the composite retaining over 80% efficiency after five adsorption\u2013desorption cycles. Kinetic modeling revealed that RhB uptake followed the pseudo\u2010second\u2010order model (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.99), confirming chemisorption dominated by electrostatic attraction and hydroxyl\u2010mediated hydrogen bonding. In contrast, MO adsorption on \u03b2CD clay was well described by both pseudo\u2010first\u2010order (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.99) and pseudo\u2010second\u2010order (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.98) models, reflecting a dual mechanism of rapid diffusion\u2010controlled physisorption and stable chemisorption via cavity inclusion and hydrogen bonding. These findings highlight the synergistic role of \u03b2CD functionalization in enhancing adsorption capacity, selectivity, and reusability for industrial dye remediation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:30:54Z","timestamp":1791001854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u03b2\u2010Cyclodextrin Immobilized in Geophagic Clay Sheets for the Absorption of Dyes From Wastewater Using a Fixed\u2010Bed Method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6891-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nomcebo P.","family":"Khumalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa  Florida Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukuna P.","family":"Mubiayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa  Florida Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2534-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhekie B.","family":"Mamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa  Florida Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MA12223772"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S42452\u2010019\u20100858\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HAZADV.2026.101136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MA15186317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2022.893831\/FULL"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/W18030300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLAY.2014.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLAY.2014.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARABJC.2021.103064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JECE.2016.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSAMI.8B04498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Eco\u2010Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing","author":"Drumond Chequer F. 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