{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:04:39Z","timestamp":1790643879808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Groundwater contamination by nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and fluoride (F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) is pervasive, yet the coupled mechanisms governing their evolution along flow paths remain poorly understood. Most studies examine them separately, neglecting their potential to serve as complementary tracers of anthropogenic and natural processes. Here, we propose a coupled SOM\u2010PMF framework to identify the sources and co\u2010evolution of NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the Ganjiang River Basin. Self\u2010organizing maps (SOM) applied to 67 field samples resolved a five\u2010stage hydrochemical sequence from the recharge zone (C1) to the confined zone (C5), capturing both systematic trends and anomalous sites. NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    peaked at 14.42\u2009mg\/L in the transition zone (C3), reflecting intense local anthropogenic inputs, whereas F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    reached a maximum of 6\u2009mg\/L in the confined zone (C5), associated with strongly alkaline conditions at sites such as XF043. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) then quantified the factors controlling this evolution. NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    was dominated by anthropogenic factor F4 (78.3%), tracking agricultural and domestic inputs and their attenuation under reducing conditions. F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    enrichment was driven primarily by the dissolution of fluoride\u2010bearing minerals under alkaline conditions (F3, 76.1%) and further amplified by evaporative concentration in the confined zone (F5, 14.5%). Although NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    show no direct statistical correlation, together they form a complementary tracer system that distinguishes the combined influence of anthropogenic and natural processes. The coupled SOM\u2010PMF approach provides a transferable, data\u2010driven tool for source apportionment and risk zoning of multi\u2010contaminant groundwater system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:01:04Z","timestamp":1789448464000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nitrate and Fluoride as Complementary Indicators of Groundwater Evolution Along a Flow Path: A SOM\u2010PMF Coupled Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Environment Monitoring Institute of Jiangxi Geological Survey and Exploration Institute  Nanchang 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