{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:03:30Z","timestamp":1790643810996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes were modified with phosphoric acid\u2013functionalized TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles (0\u20131\u2009wt%) via phase inversion to enhance permeability, antifouling performance, and dye removal for wastewater treatment. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful modification and uniform incorporation of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    within the PES matrix. The membrane containing 0.5\u2009wt% TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exhibited optimal performance, achieving the lowest contact angle (~39\u00b0), highest porosity (~65.5%), and maximum pure water flux (~292\u2009L\u00b7m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), compared to 204\u2009L\u00b7m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for pristine PES. Rhodamine B rejection exceeded 85%, driven by electrostatic interactions between phosphate groups and cationic dye molecules. Fouling tests using bovine serum albumin revealed a high FRR (~92%) and reduced irreversible fouling. Excessive TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    loading led to nanoparticle agglomeration and reduced permeability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:31:57Z","timestamp":1789101117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phosphoric Acid\u2013Modified TiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Nanoparticles as Functional Additives for High\u2010Performance Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Assala M.","family":"Al\u2010Jubouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Engineering Department University of Technology, Iraq  Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadhum 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Innovative Processes and Environment Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes (ISSAT), University of Gabes  Gabes Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muayad","family":"Al\u2010shaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation Victoria University  Melbourne Victoria 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