{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:04:22Z","timestamp":1790643862958,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Industrial wastewater discharge has severely degraded freshwater resources, necessitating the development of sustainable and environmentally benign treatment technologies. This study investigates the performance of three plant\u2010based natural coagulants, namely, Moringa leaf powder (MLP), banana peel powder (BPP), and neem leaf powder (NLP), for the treatment of Sirsa River water contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals. Coagulation\u2013flocculation experiments were conducted under optimized operating conditions, and treatment efficiency was evaluated based on turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and the removal of Fe, Zn, and Hg. Among the investigated biosorbents, MLP exhibited the highest treatment performance, achieving removal efficiencies of 85.4% turbidity, 76.2% COD, 73.7% BOD\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 83.1% Fe, 83.0% Zn, and 81.8% Hg. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed that hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, and carboxyl functional groups played a key role in contaminant removal through coagulation\u2013flocculation and surface interactions. To complement the experimental investigation, advanced multi\u2010output machine learning models, including CatBoost, FT\u2010Transformer, and TabPFN, were developed to predict water quality under varying operating conditions. Among the evaluated models, CatBoost demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy, achieving\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    values of 0.80\u20130.86 across the investigated output parameters. SHAP analysis identified biosorbent dosage, solution pH, and contact time as the most influential operational variables governing treatment performance. The integration of experimental biosorption with explainable machine learning provides an effective framework for predicting and optimizing river water treatment processes, highlighting the potential of sustainable plant\u2010based coagulants for intelligent water quality management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:36:31Z","timestamp":1789648591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Plant\u2010Based Coagulation and Explainable Machine Learning for Sustainable River Water Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-9644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshat","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Promotion of Research Graphic Era Deemed University  Dehradun Uttarakhand India"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering HRIT University  Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3831-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richa","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaypee University of Information Technology  Waknaghat Himachal Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munawar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zero Emission Technologies Innovation Center University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badriah Mesfer","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2965\/jwet.20\u2010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Emerging Contaminants","author":"Ahmad F.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w13192660"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/auoc\u20102023\u20100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15137262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-04637-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070427224010099"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2021.1974766"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201019938\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/resources14090140"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"Central Pollution Control Board.2018. \u201cPolluted River Stretches in India: Criteria and Status Report.\u201dMinistry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Government of India."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development: Volume 1: Air, Water and Energy Resources","author":"Chowdhary P.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1033479"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119448"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Heavy Metals in the Environment: Fate, Transport, Toxicity and Remediation Technologies","author":"Gautam P. 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