{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:50:22Z","timestamp":1791427822086,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41502220)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41502220)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Groundwater is an indispensable material foundation for social and economic development and the most important renewable resource. Water scarcity in the western Tibetan Plateau severely constrains sustainable development. Although cold and thermal groundwaters have been investigated, limited understanding of their genesis hinders utilization. This study aims to analyze the hydrochemical processes of groundwater in the western Tibetan Plateau by integrating multiple statistical methods, geochemical modeling, and machine learning. Results show that the cold groundwater total dissolved solids (TDS) ranges from 57.58 to 766.43\u2009mg\/L, mainly of the HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ca type, while the thermal groundwater TDS ranges from 285.4 to 4746\u2009mg\/L, mainly of the HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Na type. Both groups of recharges originate from meteoric water\/meltwater, subsequently undergoing water\u2013rock interaction (dissolution of carbonate, silicate, and halide minerals) and cation exchange. Cold groundwater is characterized by silicate weathering and slight calcite precipitation, while thermal groundwater exhibits stronger. The six key influencing factors are ranked according to their contributions: evaporation\u2010concentration (28.6%)\u2009&gt;\u2009comprehensive factor (23.8)\u2009&gt;\u2009cation exchange (19%)\u2009&gt;\u2009human activities (14.3%)\u2009&gt;\u2009carbonate dissolution (9.5%)\u2009&gt;\u2009gypsum dissolution (4.8%). The silicon\u2010enthalpy mixing model quantitatively constrains the thermal groundwater system, revealing a deep reservoir temperature of 136.2\u00b0C\u2013235.9\u00b0C and a significant cold\u2010water mixing ratio of 50%\u201383.1%. These findings support rational development and protection of groundwater resources in the Tibetan Plateau.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:23:16Z","timestamp":1791354196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using Multivariate Statistics, Geochemical Modeling, and Multi\u2010Isotopes to Identify the Formation Mechanism of Cold and Thermal Groundwaters in the Western Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Water Resources and Environment Hebei GEO University  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quzong","family":"Ciren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Tibet Autonomous Region Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration and Development  Lhasa China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Urban Geology and Engineering Hebei GEO University  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Institute of Scientific Research, Hebei GEO University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunpei","family":"Danzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geothermal Geological Team, Xizang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development  Lhasa China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Gemology and Materials Technology Hebei GE0 University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3237-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Water Resources and Environment Hebei GEO University  Shijiazhuang China"},{"name":"Institute of Scientific Research, Hebei GEO University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Arn\u00f3rsson S.2000. \u201cIsotopic and Chemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration Development and Use. 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