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Open questions include whether ammonia\u2010oxidizer oxygen kinetics are fixed or can adapt to operating conditions; whether low DO increases simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND); whether good settling can be maintained; and whether N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions rise or fall at low DO. In this study, a continuously fed pilot anaerobic\/oxic (A\/O) process was run with 6.5\u2010 to 8.5\u2010day solids retention time (SRT), stable temperature, and constant influent flow, and the operating DO was decreased from 2.0 to 0.2\u2009mg O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/L over multiple months while maintaining complete nitrification. In\u00a0situ ammonia uptake rate, ammonia oxidizer oxygen affinity (K\n                    <jats:sub>O<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) (via two independent batch methods), quantitative PCR (qPCR)\u2010based community composition, floc size, settling, and SND were monitored throughout the transition to low DO. N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O was measured before and after the low DO transition. Ammonia oxidizer K\n                    <jats:sub>O<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreased significantly with reduced operating DO, driven primarily by a shift toward comammox\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CMX), particularly Clade A, which comprised &gt;\u200980% of the nitrifier community at the lowest operating DO. SND, measured as total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal across the aerobic zone, did not increase at lower DO within this well\u2010mixed A\/O configuration. Settling performance remained acceptable across setpoints. The low\u2010DO sampling campaign had lower N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions than the high\u2010DO campaign, coincident with CMX enrichment. Total supplied airflow was reduced by 44% at 0.2 relative to 2.0\u2009mg O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/L, indicating reduced aeration demand.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:12:18Z","timestamp":1790835138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010Term Low\u2010DO Operation Changes the Ammonia Oxidizer Community and Oxygen Kinetics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2637-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kester","family":"McCullough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"modelEAU, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9nie Civil et de G\u00e9nie des Eaux Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District  Virginia Beach Virginia 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