{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:03:21Z","timestamp":1790643801049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018627","name":"Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023KJ007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fluoride contamination in water sources poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems, necessitating effective treatment strategies. This study investigates the influence of calcium chloride (CaCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and the basicity of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) on fluoride removal using PAC\u2010PDMDAAC coagulation. Through systematic jar tests, the effects of varying PAC basicity (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) and CaCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    addition sequences were examined under different fluoride concentrations (1.0, 3.0, and 10.0\u2009mg\/L). Results indicate that PAC with lower basicity (B\u2009=\u20090.5) exhibits superior fluoride removal efficiency, showing an increase of 20%\u201340% compared to PAC (B\u2009=\u20092.0), primarily due to the electro\u2010neutralization mechanism of monomeric aluminum species (Ala). The introduction of PDMDAAC reduced the coagulation performance of PAC, especially at an initial fluoride concentration of 1\u2009mg\/L. The fluoride removal rate decreased from 80% to 57% at B\u2009=\u20090.5, from 91% to 62% at B\u2009=\u20091.0, and from 72% to 25% at B\u2009=\u20092.0. The order of adding CaCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    affects the removal rate of fluoride, with the CaCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009+\u2009PAC sequence outperforming the reverse sequence. The study highlights the importance of optimizing coagulant basicity and CaCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    dosing order to enhance fluoride removal efficiency, providing valuable insights for water treatment processes. These findings contribute to the development of more efficient and cost\u2010effective coagulation strategies for fluoride removal in water treatment plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:02:00Z","timestamp":1790326920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of CaCl\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    and Basicity of PAC on Fluoride Removal by PAC\u2010PDMDAAC Coagulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Shida","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Resources and Environment Innovation Shandong Jianzhu University  Jinan China"},{"name":"School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering Shandong Jianzhu University  Jinan 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