{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:49:55Z","timestamp":1791427795959,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study evaluates the adsorption performance and mechanisms of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) removal from water using coconut\u2010fiber\u2010derived biochar (CFBC). The physicochemical properties of CFBC were characterized by proximate and ultimate analyses, Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) analysis, and determination of the point of zero charge (pHpzc). Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and competing metal ions on removal efficiency. Under optimal conditions, removal efficiencies reached 88.21%\u201393.48% after 480\u2009min at a CFBC dose of 5\u2009g\/L and pH 6.0\u20137.0. Competitive adsorption decreased the equilibrium adsorption capacities of all four metals, with the adsorption selectivity following the order Pb(II)\u2009&gt;\u2009Cu(II)\u2009&gt;\u2009Cd(II)\u2009&gt;\u2009Zn(II). Adsorption kinetics were analyzed using four models: pseudo\u2010first\u2010order (PFO), pseudo\u2010second\u2010order (PSO), Weber\u2013Morris intraparticle diffusion, and the Boyd model. In addition, adsorption isotherms were evaluated using both linear and nonlinear forms of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin\u2013Radushkevich models. The results indicate that the PSO model best describes the adsorption kinetics. Within the investigated range, adsorption proceeds through a complex process involving simultaneous intraparticle diffusion and film diffusion. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir model best, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities (\n                    <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    , mg\/g) of Pb(II) (35.95\u2009\u00b1\u20092.94), Cu(II) (26.73\u2009\u00b1\u20091.39), Cd(II) (19.22\u2009\u00b1\u20091.36), and Zn(II) (18.90\u2009\u00b1\u20092.45). Cost analysis suggests that CFBC is a low\u2010cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent, indicating strong potential for application in the treatment of heavy\u2010metal\u2010contaminated wastewater.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:28:01Z","timestamp":1791170881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Removal of Heavy Metals From Aqueous Solutions Using Biochar Derived From Agricultural Waste: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Cost Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7936-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Thuy","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Hanoi University of Science and Technology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1465-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. T. Yen","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Hanoi University of Science and Technology  Hanoi Vietnam"},{"name":"Institute of Energy Technology Hanoi University of Science and Technology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thuy Chung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Hanoi University of Science and Technology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2015.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.11877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su152215978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201042918\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u2010024\u201002214\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01203a066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14456\/ea.2019.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.25693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201097042\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010018\u20101460\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03385"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399\u2010025\u201006674\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010018\u20102414\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.07.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.122853"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"The Equation of the Characteristic Curve of Activated Charcoal","volume":"55","author":"Dubinin M. 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