{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:53:28Z","timestamp":1791003208177,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004613","name":"China Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DD202605102001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD202605102001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Coastal groundwater systems are highly susceptible to seawater intrusion and salinization. However, complex depositional settings and multiple geochemical processes have made it difficult to understand the mechanism of groundwater salinization. To characterize coastal groundwater salinization and elucidate its controlling mechanisms in Tianjin, China, a total of 228 groundwater samples were collected. The degree of groundwater salinization and associated hydrochemical evolution was systematically investigated using the groundwater quality index for seawater intrusion (GQI\n                    <jats:sub>SWI<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and some hydrochemical indicators and evolutionary diagrams. Hydrochemical analyses revealed an overall evolution from HCO\u2083\u2010Ca type to Cl\u2010Na type groundwater, with distinct salinization geochemical evolution pathways among different aquifers. The GQI\n                    <jats:sub>SWI<\/jats:sub>\n                    assessment indicated that both shallow and deep groundwater in Tianjin are dominated by fresh and brackish waters, with only minor differences in the overall degree of salinization along the vertical profile. Salinization of shallow groundwater is mainly concentrated in coastal areas and generally decreases progressively from the coastline toward inland areas. In contrast, the spatial distribution of salinity in deep groundwater is characterized primarily by localized high\u2010salinity anomalies, without the development of a continuous salinization zone. Groundwater salinization in Tianjin therefore cannot be attributed solely to modern seawater intrusion; rather, it is jointly controlled by modern coastal salt inputs, freshwater recharge, long\u2010term water\u2013rock interactions, and ion exchange. These findings provide new insights into the identification of seawater intrusion and the interpretation of salinization mechanisms in complex coastal groundwater systems and offer a scientific basis for groundwater resource protection and management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:30:21Z","timestamp":1790926221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salinization Characteristics and Controlling Mechanisms of Coastal Groundwater in Tianjin, China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Sheming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Center (North China Center for Geoscience Innovation) China Geological Survey  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Coast Geological Processes and Environmental Safety  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoguang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Bureau of Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission Ministry of Water Resources  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7486-0343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Center (North China Center for Geoscience Innovation) China Geological Survey  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Coast Geological Processes and Environmental Safety  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Bureau of Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission Ministry of Water Resources  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1348-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Center (North China Center for Geoscience Innovation) China Geological Survey  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Coast Geological Processes and Environmental Safety  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Futian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Center (North China Center for Geoscience Innovation) China Geological Survey  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Coast Geological Processes and Environmental Safety  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanjun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Center (North China Center for Geoscience Innovation) China Geological Survey  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Coast Geological Processes and Environmental Safety  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0846-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment Engineering East China University of Technology  Nanchang Jiangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3966-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2020.100487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119041"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Research on the Response of Surface Deformation to Groundwater Level in Tianjin Based on SBAS\u2010InSAR","volume":"41","author":"Cao Y. 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