{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:56:06Z","timestamp":1790848566147,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Herein, photocatalytic efficiency of heterostructured silver\u2010doped zinc oxide (ZnO@Ag) and pure zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocatalysts were assessed for the degradation of atrazine in water. The synthesized nanocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X\u2010ray (EDX), UV\u2013Vis, x\u2010ray diffractometry (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques before being utilized for photodegradation experiments. Characterization results confirmed the synthesis of the photocatalysts, with FTIR spectra showing Zn\u2010O peaks at approximately 500\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for both catalysts. The UV\u2013Vis spectra for Ag\u2010doped ZnO exhibited an absorption band around 350\u2009nm, typical for ZnO photocatalysts. Photodegradation experiments indicated that silver doping improved the degradation efficiency of atrazine by ZnO. pH studies showed that the highest photodegradation efficiency occurred at pH\u20095 for both catalysts, with degradation percentages of 95.3% for ZnO@Ag and 84.3% for ZnO. Time\u2010dependent studies revealed that atrazine degradation reached equilibrium within 120\u2009min of photoirradiation. Photocatalytic degradation of atrazine using ZnO@Ag and ZnO in the presence of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    revealed catalyst\u2010dependent performance. Increasing the H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration from 10 to 40\u2009mM progressively improved the degradation efficiency of ZnO@Ag, whereas a slight decline in degradation efficiency was observed for ZnO over the same concentration range. Although ZnO exhibited higher degradation efficiencies at lower H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations (10\u201330\u2009mM), ZnO@Ag outperformed ZnO at 40\u2009mM H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , indicating that Ag modification enhances catalyst performance under higher oxidant conditions by improving charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation. Cytotoxicity assessments of the degraded solution indicated nontoxicity (0.00%\u2009\u00b1\u20090%) against the tested cell. These findings highlight that Ag doping should be regarded as a strategy for tailoring catalyst behavior under specific reaction conditions rather than as a universally superior modification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:05:34Z","timestamp":1790845534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heterostructured ZnO@Ag Nanocatalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Atrazine in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics Evaluation, Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide, and Cytotoxicity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike O.","family":"Ojemaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Saginaw Valley State University  Saginaw Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoluwa O.","family":"Daramola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Fort Hare  Alice South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Y.","family":"Ojemaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Saginaw Valley State University  Saginaw Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zikhona","family":"Tywabi\u2010Ngeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Nelson Mandela University  Port Elizabeth South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOCON.2019.108355"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CATAL14070420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13005\/OJC\/3404025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.110570"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2020.1777059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APCATB.2022.121321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03570"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u2010022\u201001326\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.100810"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10041322"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.05.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726\u2010015\u20100015\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1418913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Pesticides Updates on Toxicity, Efficacy and Risk Assessment","author":"Doroudian A.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40201\u2010019\u201000366\u2010X\/METRICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201047554\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CANCERS13225699\/S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103658"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119899980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201019959\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2019.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/BK9781837670765\u201000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/310281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.OPTMAT.2020.110400"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJHYDENE.2016.07.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ra21130a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejar.2020.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04383"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"ZnO Nanoparticles: Surface and X\u2010Ray Profile Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ismail M. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Ovonic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1584\/JPESTICS.D21\u2010028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11706\u2010019\u20100453\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2021.117551"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8ew00107c"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2013.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENMM.2020.100386"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4136\/1980\u2010993X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244\u2010006\u20100096\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00748"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2015.10.037","article-title":"Ag\/AgCl\/ZnO Nano\u2010Networks: Preparation, Characterization, Mechanism and Photocatalytic Activity","volume":"411","author":"Meng A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/W15122275"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TAAP.2023.116491"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chphi.2025.100856"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762\u2010019\u201002621\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5264910","article-title":"Photocatalyst for the Effective Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr (VI) in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"2017","author":"Ojemaye M. O.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Nanomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2013.829765"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DWT.2024.100753"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010323\u201085624\u20109.00016\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u2010009\u20100865\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2022.100579"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105435"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FTOX.2024.1438890"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b01261"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13101328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.05.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/WPT.2023.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2397847320940561"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH18020468"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11998\u2010020\u201000397\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es000995l"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2009.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2018.1485751"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113350"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1627498"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021\u20109673(98)00181\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm200463z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/PEERJ.15046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/TOXICS9040079\/S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.06.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2014.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ra01741h"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70611","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wer.70611","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:05:36Z","timestamp":1790845536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.70611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.70611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.70611","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70611"}}