{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:50:14Z","timestamp":1791427814136,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To address the limited nitrogen removal performance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) processes at low temperatures, this study successfully enhanced the low\u2010temperature nitrogen removal performance of immobilized ANAMMOX granules by electrospinning (ES) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The lab\u2010scale experimental results indicated that the total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiency of novel immobilized ANAMMOX granules (M3) coated with 70\u2010\u03bcm\u2010thick chitosan\/polyacrylonitrile electrospun membranes (CS\/PAN\u2010ES) and modified with 1.0\u2009mg\/(gVSS) RGO was significantly higher than M1 (common immobilized granules) and M2 (immobilized granules modified with 1.0\u2009mg\/(gVSS) RGO) at 4\u00b0C\u201313\u00b0C, especially at 4\u00b0C (60.9%\u201371.0%). These improvements were attributed to the stimulation of ANAMMOX activity at low temperatures by RGO and the enhanced structural stability of immobilized granules by CS\/PAN\u2010ES membranes. Furthermore, based on 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, CS\/PAN\u2010ES membranes and RGO synergistically promoted the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Kuenenia (6.2%\u2009\u2192\u200921.6%) and increased the abundance of functional genes\n                    <jats:italic>nirK<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>hzs<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>hzo<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 4\u00b0C\u201313\u00b0C. This represents an important mechanism by which CS\/PAN\u2010ES membranes and RGO synergistically improved the extremely low\u2010temperature activity of immobilized ANAMMOX granules. This study provides an effective strategy for the application of ANAMMOX processes in low\u2010temperature environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:31:43Z","timestamp":1790749903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrospinning\u2010Graphene Promoted Low\u2010Temperature Nitrogen Removal of Immobilized ANAMMOX Granules"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010lian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Prevention, College of Civil and Architectural Engineering North China University of Science and Technology  Tangshan Hebei 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