{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:50:08Z","timestamp":1791427808597,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising desalination technology, but it suffers from fouling and pore wetting especially in large\u2010scale application. Janus membranes with hierarchical architectures have been proposed to enhance the performance of direct contact MD (DCMD). In this study, a hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)\/catechol film was coated on the surface of hydrophobic polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) substrate whose inner pore surfaces were modified with hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fluorinated silane (FAS\u201017) agents. Comprehensive characterization using SEM, AFM, ATR\u2010FTIR(6), Raman spectroscopy, tensile testing, EDS, and surface wettability analyses confirmed the successful formation of Janus structures with dual functionality. The Janus samples exhibited a pure water flux (PWF) higher than both the PCTFE support (37.25\u2009kg\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and commercial (34.48\u2009kg\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) membranes. By incorporating PDMS and FAS\u201017, fluxes of 46.7 and 44.4\u2009kg\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    were achieved, respectively, while maintaining a salt rejection of \u2265\u200999.7% for 35,000\u2009ppm NaCl. Both PDMS and FAS\u201017 modified membranes displayed improved resistance to wetting and scaling, even under complex saline conditions containing CaCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , NaCl, and surfactants (CTAB, SDS). Among them, the sample coated with FAS\u201017 exhibited the best anti\u2010fouling and stability due to its fluorinated sublayer and superior interfacial hydrophobicity. The results demonstrated that the engineered Janus membranes, integrating hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalities, achieved high permeate flux, excellent salt rejection, and strong fouling resistance, thereby contributing to the development of membrane materials for MD desalination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:15:36Z","timestamp":1791008136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preparation and Characterization of PVA\/PCTFE Janus Membrane Coated by PDMS and FAS\u201017 for MD Process"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Hamideh","family":"Yari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Pakizeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Hamedan University of Technology  Hamedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Polymer Testing (RPT Lab.), Research Institute of Oil &amp; Gas, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi Pourafshari","family":"Chenar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28587-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2022.124996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c04242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2014.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b05967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2019.102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13010058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.02.097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201907061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201801114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c08402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-11-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-025-03669-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-020-02894-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c01573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2020.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114889"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b04212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.117962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c01230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0724-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2021.115184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.06.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA04038H"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"2756","article-title":"Evaluation of the Influence of Cadmium Salt Addition on Iodinated PVA\u2010Derived Carbon Nanofibers","volume":"22","author":"Mehdinavaz Aghdam R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientia Iranica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05107"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Factors Affecting Membrane Distillation Process for Seawater Desalination","volume":"22","author":"My N. 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