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However, the operational effectiveness of mineral\u2010associated fungal pellets for dye removal remains insufficiently clarified. This study evaluated the decolorization performance of CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010associated fungal pellets prepared from three native strains\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    TB1,\n                    <jats:italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    TB31, and\n                    <jats:italic>Trametes polyzona<\/jats:italic>\n                    TB4\u2014for the removal of Remazol Red (RR) dye (100\u2009mg\/L), while assessing biomass weight and oxidative enzyme dynamics (manganese peroxidase [MnP], lignin peroxidase [LiP], and laccase [Lac]). A completely randomized factorial design was employed across four treatments: (A) CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010associated fungal pellets, (B1) free mycelial pellets, (B2) free mycelial pellets with separate CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    addition, and (C) abiotic control without fungi or CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Destructive sampling was conducted in triplicates (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093) at 2, 4, 6, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, and 96\u2009h. Three\u2010way ANOVA demonstrated that the interaction among fungal strain, treatment formulation, and incubation time significantly affected decolorization. Treatment A markedly enhanced process performance over other treatments; maximum decolorization reached 98.2% at 96\u2009h using\n                    <jats:italic>T. polyzona<\/jats:italic>\n                    TB4 under Treatment A. Furthermore, MnP activity peaked earlier than LiP and Lac, reaching maximum levels of 100\u2009U\/mL in Treatment A. These findings demonstrate that CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010associated fungal pelletization substantially enhances dye decolorization efficiency, fungal biomass yield, and oxidative enzyme production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:08:33Z","timestamp":1791270513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioremediation of Remazol Red Dye Using Calcium Carbonate\u2013Immobilized Fungal Strains\n                    <i>Aspergillus niger<\/i>\n                    TB1,\n                    <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/i>\n                    TB31, and\n                    <i>Trametes polyzona<\/i>\n                    TB4"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8989-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fitria Ayudi","family":"Ulfimaturahmah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Multidisciplinary IPB University  Bogor West Java Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Yani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology IPB University  Bogor West Java Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8362-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanies","family":"Ambarsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Environmental and Clean Technology Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional  Serpong Banten Province Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8997-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandra","family":"Risdian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Environmental and Clean Technology Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional  Bandung Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5975-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional  Bogor West Java Province Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/JES.2019.36936"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Removal of Heavy Metals (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Fe) in Aqueous Media by Calcium Carbonate as an Adsorbent","volume":"2","author":"Ahmad K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2022.100294"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry","author":"Andrews J. 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