{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:50:39Z","timestamp":1791255039173,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The application of the single\u2010stage partial nitrification\/anammox (PN\/A) process remains challenging under mainstream conditions. A continuous\u2010flow single\u2010stage PN\/A reactor treating low\u2010strength ammonium (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) wastewater without influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was investigated, and a modified kinetic model was developed to clarify the role of partial denitrification (PD) in the presence of influent COD. Long\u2010term operation showed that oxygen control alone could not substantially improve reactor performance. At dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 0.20, 0.10, and 0.15\u2009mg O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/L, the NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    removal efficiency was 97.97%, 92.56%, and 97.63%, whereas the total nitrogen removal efficiency was only 78.77%, 62.79%, and 80.01%, respectively. Lowering oxygen supply reduced both ammonium\u2010oxidizing bacteria and NOB activities, whereas increasing oxygen supply restored NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    oxidation but again promoted nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) accumulation. Model analysis indicated that a small amount of influent COD (60\u2009mg COD\/L) enhanced nitrogen removal and process stability under decreasing temperatures and influent NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    fluctuations. This effect was mainly attributed to PD, which converted excess NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    to nitrite (NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and supplied an additional substrate for anammox bacteria (AMX). Meanwhile, heterotrophic growth increased oxygen consumption, lowered bulk DO levels, enhanced NOB suppression, and alleviated oxygen inhibition on AMX. A favorable influent COD\/NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    range of approximately 0.5\u20131.25 was identified under the simulated conditions, which suggests that PD can play an important role in stabilizing mainstream single\u2010stage PN\/A.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:55:26Z","timestamp":1791251726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revealing the Role of Partial Denitrification in the Mainstream Single\u2010Stage Partial Nitrification\/Anammox Process: Experimental Evidence and Kinetic Modeling Insights"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering Yangzhou Polytechnic University  Yangzhou China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Engineering and Science Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering Yangzhou Polytechnic University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering Yangzhou Polytechnic University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Engineering and Science Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Engineering and Science Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c04229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"APHA.1998. \u201cStandard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.\u201d 20th American Public Health Association Washington DC USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253\u2010016\u20108058\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es501649m"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Activated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2D, ASM3","author":"Henze M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es202181v"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.134087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2008.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.12.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120754"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery","author":"Metcalf and Eddy","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.10.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.169583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043\u20101354(01)00476\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872\u2010142\u20108\u20102187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780404752","volume-title":"Experimental Methods in Wastewater Treatment","author":"Loosdrecht M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2014.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.07.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119594"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c06107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/106143015X14362865227319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010017\u20100230\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5288"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.109154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.07.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201018645\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201024526\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.130169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140738"}],"container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70621","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/wer.70621","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wer.70621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:55:29Z","timestamp":1791251729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wer.70621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wer.70621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.70621","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4303","1554-7531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4303","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-7531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70621"}}