{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:49:49Z","timestamp":1791427789200,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments require sustainable and efficient treatment strategies, while biomass residues provide promising renewable precursors for adsorbent production. In this study, lavender residue generated after essential oil extraction was valorized as a precursor for porous activated carbon through ZnCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    impregnation followed by chemical activation under N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 550\u00b0C, 650\u00b0C, and 750\u00b0C. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the progressive transformation of the lignocellulosic precursor into a porous carbonaceous structure, while nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption analysis demonstrated that Lavender AC750 possessed the highest BET surface area (646.39\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g) and pore volume (0.239\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g), with a developed micro\/mesoporous structure. Consequently, Lavender AC750 was selected for adsorption studies. The experimentally determined point of zero charge (pH\n                    <jats:sub>pzc<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was 4.33, and adsorption performance was influenced by solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial flutamide concentration, and temperature. Nonlinear equilibrium analysis showed that the Langmuir model provided the best fit (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9164, RMSE\u2009=\u20091.540\u2009mg\/g), yielding a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 32.23\u2009mg\/g. Nonlinear kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo\u2010first\u2010order model satisfactorily described the adsorption kinetics (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9435, RMSE\u2009=\u20090.545\u2009mg\/g), with a calculated equilibrium capacity (5.943\u2009mg\/g) close to the experimental value (5.83\u2009mg\/g). The combined results suggest that flutamide adsorption involves pore filling and surface adsorption accompanied by \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 interactions, hydrogen bonding, and pH\u2010dependent electrostatic contributions. Overall, this study demonstrates a dual environmental benefit by valorizing lavender\u2010processing residue into a functional porous adsorbent and providing a promising material for the removal of flutamide from aqueous systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:54:06Z","timestamp":1791269646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis, Modification, and Comprehensive Characterization of Lavender\u2010Derived Activated Carbon for Adsorptive Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutant"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Esra Kulaksiz","family":"Alayont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Trakya University  Edirne 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