{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T23:45:25Z","timestamp":1791762325780,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Energy optimization in multi\u2010industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in tropica regions remains challenging due to highly fluctuating loading conditions and the lack of long\u2010term operational datasets. This study employed a 365\u2010day dataset (156 samples) to calibrate (270\u2009days, 116 samples) and validate (95\u2009days, 40 samples) Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) using SUMO 24 software for energy optimization at an industrial park WWTP in northern Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study aimed to support energy optimization and emission reduction strategies toward the Net Zero 2050 target. The calibrated model demonstrated good predictive performance for TCOD, TSS, TN, and NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.75\u20130.92; NSE\u2009=\u20090.50\u20130.88; MAPE\u2009=\u200915.2%\u201325.1%). Energy auditing revealed that the biological treatment system accounted for 50.6% of total electricity consumption, with aeration alone contributing 37.2%. A total of 35 simulation scenarios based on the DO \u00d7 SRT matrix (DO: 1.5\u20134.5\u2009mg\/L; SRT: 3\u20137\u2009days) identified the optimal operating region at DO\u2009=\u20091.5\u20132.5\u2009mg\/L combined with SRT\u2009=\u20095\u20137\u2009days. A three\u2010phase pilot study was subsequently implemented: Phase 1 (P1) increased SRT (5\u2009\u2192\u20097\u2009days), which stabilized nitrification and expanded the TN safety margin from 3.9% to 7.5%; Phase 2 (P2) reduced DO (3.0\u2009\u2192\u20092.0\u2009mg\/L), resulting in a 17.66% reduction in energy consumption (34,831 kWh\/year; 76.63 million VND\/year) and a decrease of 21.72 tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e\/year in emissions while maintaining a TN safety margin of +14.8%; and Phase 3 (P3) (DO 2.0\u2009\u2192\u20091.5\u2009mg\/L) was rejected because it caused nitrification instability, reduced the TN safety margin to 6.7%, and increased the sludge volume index (SVI) beyond 120\u2009mL\/g. Therefore, P2 (DO\u2009=\u20092.0\u2009mg\/L; SRT\u2009=\u20097\u2009days) is recommended for full\u2010scale implementation at the plant. The proposed framework integrating ASM1 simulation, energy auditing, emission assessment, pilot validation, and a Net Zero roadmap demonstrates strong scalability for similar industrial WWTPs across Southeast Asia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T23:02:51Z","timestamp":1791759771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Dissolved Oxygen and Sludge Retention Time via ASM1 Simulation for Energy and Emission Reduction in Tropical Multi\u2010Industrial WWTPs Toward Net Zero"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0419-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinh Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Science, Engineering, and Management Industrial University of Ho\u2010Chi\u2010Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Thu Dau Mot University  Ho\u2010Chi\u2010Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1027-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trung Minh","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Science, Engineering, and Management Industrial University of Ho\u2010Chi\u2010Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6318-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thang Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquadata Abwassertechnik GmbH, Spatzenstieg 1A  Brunswick Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Hung","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Science, Engineering, and Management Industrial University of Ho\u2010Chi\u2010Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"APHA (American Public Health Association)","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2024.102661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI231208254B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043\u20101354(02)00104\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13153925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834\u2010025\u201000245\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9545-6","volume-title":"Wastewater: Economic Asset in an Urbanizing World","author":"Drechsel P.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221\u2010025\u201000485\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2016.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2012.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16051922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2003.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w17202957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Energy Audit Guidelines","author":"GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1991.0553"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.390"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Activated Sludge Model No. 1. 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