{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:35:22Z","timestamp":1793086522784,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has become a major environmental concern because conventional wastewater treatment plants primarily retain these particles in sewage sludge rather than achieving their degradation or mineralization. Microbial\u2010electro\u2010Fenton systems (MEFSs) have recently emerged as a promising bio\u2010electro\u2010chemical advanced oxidation technology that integrates microbial extracellular electron transfer (EET) with electro\u2010Fenton (EF) chemistry for the in\u00a0situ generation of hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and hydroxyl radicals (\u2022OH). This review critically evaluates recent advances in carbon\u2010based electrode engineering, microbial electron transfer mechanisms, molecular regulation of the two\u2010electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ORR), and photo\u2010bio hybrid enhancement for the treatment of MP\u2010contaminated wastewater. Emphasis is placed on the distinct roles of anodic biofilms and cathodic electrocatalysts, polymer\u2010specific degradation pathways, and the successive stages of MP transformation, including surface oxidation, polymer\u2010chain scission, fragmentation, and mineralization. The influence of reactor configuration, wastewater matrix, and carbon electrode properties on H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    electro\u2010generation, reactive oxygen species production, and degradation efficiency is comprehensively discussed. In addition, current challenges associated with electrode fouling, long\u2010term durability, real wastewater treatment, scale\u2010up, and techno\u2010economic and environmental sustainability are critically assessed. Rather than presenting MEFS as a mature treatment technology, this review identifies the key mechanistic and engineering challenges that must be addressed before practical implementation. Finally, future research priorities are proposed to facilitate the transition of MEFS from laboratory\u2010scale investigations toward pilot\u2010scale validation and sustainable wastewater treatment for MP remediation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:43:36Z","timestamp":1792500216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbon\u2010Based Microbial\u2010Electro\u2010Fenton Systems for Microplastic\u2010Contaminated Wastewater: Mechanistic Basis, Photo\u2010Bio Hybrid Strategies, and Research Priorities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5164-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus  Malegaon Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shameem","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Tele\u2010Communication Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus  Malegaon Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Md Humayun","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus  Malegaon Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghib","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus  Malegaon Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125705"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2023.0136"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996\u2010025\u201001877\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2023.2238686"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2024.101152"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010443\u201014068\u20106.00014\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119641353.ch2"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2014.921975"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Wastewater Treatment: An Introduction to Concepts and Practice","author":"Bari A. 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