{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:21:36Z","timestamp":1791663696896,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most recognized symptoms of COVID\u201019, significantly impacting quality of life, particularly in cases where recovery is prolonged. This review aims to explore patterns of olfactory recovery post\u2010COVID\u201019 infection, with particular focus on delayed recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Published literature in the English language, including senior author's own work, online and social media platforms, and patients' anecdotal reports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken by the authors with guidance from the senior author with expertise in the field of olfaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on self\u2010report, an estimated 95% of patients recover their olfactory function within 6 months post\u2010COVID\u201019 infection. However, psychophysical testing detects higher rates of persistent olfactory dysfunction. Recovery has been found to continue for at least 2 years postinfection; negative prognostic indicators include severe olfactory loss in the acute phase, female sex, and older age. Variability in quantitative and qualitative disturbance in prolonged cases likely reflects both peripheral and central pathophysiological mechanisms. Limitations of many of the reviewed studies reflect lack of psychophysical testing and baseline olfactory assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post\u2010COVID\u201019 olfactory dysfunction remains a significant health and psychosocial burden. Emerging evidence is improving awareness and knowledge among\u00a0clinicians to better support patients through their olfactory rehabilitation, with hope of recovery after several months or years. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of delayed recovery, identify at risk individuals earlier in the disease course, and develop therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T04:54:26Z","timestamp":1710910466000},"page":"121-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Recovery rates and long\u2010term olfactory dysfunction following COVID\u201019 infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department Guy's Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zara","family":"Shaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department Guy's Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8487-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Haloob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department Guy's Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department Guy's Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000783"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","article-title":"Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid\u201019: meta\u2010analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves","volume":"378","author":"Tan BKJ","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","article-title":"Interventions for the prevention of persistent post\u2010COVID\u201019 olfactory dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Webster KE","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database\u00a0Syst\u00a0Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13089"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID\u201019) infection in the UK\u2010Office for National Statistics. 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